{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:19:23Z","timestamp":1790191163216,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]],"date-time":"2002-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1025481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foot Ankle Int."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In 105 rabbits the course of healing was examined at one, two, four, eight and 12 weeks (21 rabbits per group) after an experimental Achilles tendon rupture. The following treatment modalities were compared: A) primary functional treatment; B) operative functional treatment (resorbable suture); and C) operative functional treatment with fibrin glue. For the functional (after)-treatment a special orthosis was applied. A 7.5 MHz Ultrasound probe was used for ultrasonographic evaluation. The histological specimens were stained in Masson-Goldner and Azan technique. Collagen Type III was depicted immunhistologically. A semiquantitative fibrocyte count was performed. The histological results showed a smooth healing in the primary functional treatment group (A), reaching parallel orientation of collagen fibers at 12 weeks. In the suture group (B), a secondary gapping of the tendon stumps was detectable after one week as in all other groups. In the fibrin group (C), the fibrin was resorbed after four weeks without essential influence to the course of healing. At 12 weeks the histologycal evaluation in all groups showed approximately normal tendon pattern. Immunohistochemically, all groups showed cell-associated positive reactions for type-III collagen after one week with a maximum after two weeks. The semiquantitative fibrocyte count in the primary functional group showed a maximal number after one week. In the fibrin glue and suture groups the maximal number could be found after two weeks. Sonographically an increase in tendon thickness was detectable up to the fourth week in all groups. The secondary gapping of the tendon stumps in the suture group could also be detected sonographically. The echogenicity of the tendon during the course of healing showed increasing homogeneity and parallelism in all groups. At 12 weeks the echogenicity was comparable in all groups. The experiment suggests the equivalence of primary functional treatment to a combination of operative and functional therapy in Achilles tendon rupture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070202300704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T01:29:45Z","timestamp":1448414985000},"page":"606-613","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Healing of Achilles Tendon, An Experimental Study: Part 2\u2014Histological, Immunohistological and Ultrasonographic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Thermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Frerichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Holch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gustav-Carus Universit\u00e4l Dresden Klinik f. Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Dresden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Biewener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gustav-Carus Universit\u00e4l Dresden Klinik f. Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Dresden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-107110070202300704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(75)90480-5"},{"key":"bibr2-107110070202300704","first-page":"765","volume":"159","author":"Blei CL","year":"1986","journal-title":"Achilles Tendon: US Diagnosis of Pathological Conditions Radiology"},{"key":"bibr3-107110070202300704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378887"},{"issue":"21","key":"bibr4-107110070202300704","first-page":"951","volume":"11","author":"Brown TD","year":"1981","journal-title":"Comparative assessment of the early mechanical integrity of repaired Tendo Achilless ruptures in the rabbit Journal of Trauma"},{"key":"bibr5-107110070202300704","first-page":"109","volume":"130","author":"Burchardt H","year":"1992","journal-title":"Achillerssehneruptur. Ursachen und Sp\u00e4tergebnisse nach operativer Behandlung Z Orthop"},{"key":"bibr6-107110070202300704","first-page":"449","volume":"60","author":"Date T","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Influence of Exercise in the Healing of Rabbit Achilles Tendon J Jpn Orthop Ass"},{"key":"bibr7-107110070202300704","first-page":"264","volume":"67","author":"Enwemeka CS","year":"1988","journal-title":"The Effect of early functional Treatment on experimental tenotomized Achilles tendons in Rats Am J Phys Med Rehab"},{"key":"bibr8-107110070202300704","first-page":"189","volume":"75","author":"Fleischmajer R","year":"1980","journal-title":"Immunelectron Microscopy of Type III Collagen in normal and scleroderma skin J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"bibr9-107110070202300704","first-page":"759","volume":"159","author":"Fornage BD","year":"1986","journal-title":"Achilles Tendon: US Examination Radiology"},{"key":"bibr10-107110070202300704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658301100602"},{"key":"bibr11-107110070202300704","first-page":"99","volume":"112","author":"Haas F","year":"1987","journal-title":"Achillessehnenklebung mit Fibrinkleber Zentbl Chir"},{"key":"bibr12-107110070202300704","first-page":"17","volume":"1","author":"Haib\u00f6ck HF","year":"1986","journal-title":"Wie lst die Methode der operativen Versorgung von Achillessehnenrupturen mit Fibrinkleber zu beurteilen latros Orthop\u00e4die"},{"key":"bibr13-107110070202300704","first-page":"1031","volume":"155","author":"Kainberger FM","year":"1990","journal-title":"Injury of the Achilles Tendon"},{"key":"bibr14-107110070202300704","first-page":"277","volume":"36","author":"Lipscomp PR","year":"1961","journal-title":"Further observations in the healing of severed Tendons: An experimental study Staff Meeting of the Mayo Clinic"},{"key":"bibr15-107110070202300704","first-page":"127","volume":"151","author":"Mathieson JR","year":"1988","journal-title":"Sonography of the Achilles Tendon and adjacent Bursae Am J Radiology"},{"key":"bibr16-107110070202300704","first-page":"330","volume":"28","author":"Milbradt H","year":"1988","journal-title":"Die Sonomorphologie der normalen Achillessehne und Muster pathologischer Ver\u00e4nderungen Radiologe"},{"key":"bibr17-107110070202300704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-72843-3"},{"key":"bibr18-107110070202300704","first-page":"672","volume":"17","author":"Muneta T","year":"1992","journal-title":"A Rabbit Model for assessing Effects of controlled Load on Graft Healing Trans Orthop Res Soc"},{"key":"bibr19-107110070202300704","first-page":"394","volume":"63","author":"Nistor L","year":"1981","journal-title":"Surgical and Non-Surgical Treatment of Achilles Tendon Rupture J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"bibr20-107110070202300704","first-page":"669","volume":"149","author":"Nystr\u00f6m B","year":"1983","journal-title":"Experimental Evaluation of Immobilization in Operative and Non-Operative Treatment of Achilles Tendon Rupture Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"bibr21-107110070202300704","first-page":"81","volume":"195","author":"Postacchini F","year":"1978","journal-title":"Regeneration od rabbit calcaneal tendon Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"bibr22-107110070202300704","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658501300405","volume":"13","author":"Roberts JM","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"bibr23-107110070202300704","unstructured":"23. Schatzker J, Branemark PI: Intravital observation on the microvascular Anatomy and Microcirculation of the Tendon Acta Orthop Scand (Suppl):3\u201323, 1969."},{"key":"bibr24-107110070202300704","first-page":"177","volume":"399","author":"Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m M","year":"1983","journal-title":"Achilis tendon injury- tendon elongation and soleus muscle fine structure in rabbit after different therapies Virchows Arch"},{"key":"bibr25-107110070202300704","first-page":"266","volume":"92","author":"Thermann H","year":"1989","journal-title":"Die Ultraschallsonographie in der Diagnostik und Verlaufskontrolle der Achillessehnenuptur Unfallchirurg"},{"key":"bibr26-107110070202300704","volume-title":"Die funktionelle Behandlung der frischen Achillessehnenruptur-Eine klinische und expehmentelle Studie Hefte zu \u201cDer Unfallchirurg\u201d Nr. 248","author":"Thermann H","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr27-107110070202300704","first-page":"321","volume":"12","author":"Thermann H","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Use of Ultrasonography in Foot and Ankle Pathology Foot and Ankle"},{"key":"bibr28-107110070202300704","first-page":"21","volume":"98","author":"Thermann H","year":"1995","journal-title":"Funktionelles Behandlungskonzept der frischen Achillessehnenruptur Zweijahresergebnisse einer porspektiv-randomisierten Studie Unfallchirurg"},{"key":"bibr29-107110070202300704","first-page":"261","volume":"40","author":"Vidiik A","year":"1969","journal-title":"Tensile properties of Achilles Tendon system in trained and untrained Rabbits Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"bibr30-107110070202300704","first-page":"211","volume":"12","author":"Williams IF","year":"1984","journal-title":"The Distribution of Types I and III Collagen and Fibronectin in the Healing Equine Tendon Connect Tissue Res"}],"container-title":["Foot &amp; Ankle International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/107110070202300704","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/107110070202300704","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/107110070202300704","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T21:20:49Z","timestamp":1777411249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/107110070202300704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/107110070202300704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110070202300704","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-1007","1944-7876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-7876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]}}}