{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T01:43:33Z","timestamp":1790991813028,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,1]],"date-time":"2004-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1091318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foot Ankle Int."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Background: Studies using footprint-based estimates of arch height have indicated that obesity results in a lowered medial longitudinal arch in children. However, the potentially confounding effect of body composition on indirect measures of arch height, such as the arch index, has not been investigated. Methods: This study assessed the body composition of 12 male and 12 female adults (mean age: 39.9 \u00b1 8.1 years, height: 1.724 \u00b1 0.101 m; weight: 95.1 \u00b1 13.7 kg, and BMI: 31.9 \u00b1 3.0kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) using bioelectrical impedance analysis to produce a two-component model of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). The dynamic arch index also was determined from electronic footprints captured during gait using a capacitive pressure distribution platform with a resolution of 4 sensors\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Results: While significant correlations were noted between FFM and the area of both the hindfoot ( r = .75, p &lt;.05) and forefoot ( r = .72, p &lt;.05), the midfoot area was correlated only with FM ( r = .54, p &lt;.05). Similarly, the arch index was significantly correlated with the FM percentage ( r = .67, p &lt;.05). Conclusions: The findings of this pilot study suggest that body composition influences arch index values in overweight and obese subjects. Consequently, body composition may be a confounding factor in interpreting footprint based estimates of arch height and, as such, these estimates would best be used with supplementary measures of body composition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070402500811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]],"date-time":"2015-11-24T21:25:19Z","timestamp":1448400319000},"page":"575-581","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["The Arch Index: A Measure of Flat or Fat Feet?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Scott C.","family":"Wearing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland, Australia; Essen, Germany"},{"name":"School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Hills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland, Australia; Essen, Germany"},{"name":"School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuala M.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland, Australia; Essen, Germany"},{"name":"School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewald M.","family":"Hennig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland, Australia; Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland, Australia; Essen, Germany"},{"name":"School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0958-2592(92)90063-U"},{"key":"bibr2-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(87)90255-7"},{"key":"bibr3-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.469375"},{"key":"bibr4-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/38\/3\/001"},{"key":"bibr5-107110070402500811","unstructured":"5. Dowling AM, Steele JR: What are the effects of gender and obesity on foot structure in children? In: Hennig E., Stacoff A., eds. Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics. Zuerich, Switzerland, Interrepro, 2001, pp. 30\u201331."},{"key":"bibr6-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801598"},{"key":"bibr7-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200011000-00003"},{"key":"bibr8-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079001100208"},{"key":"bibr9-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070102200607"},{"key":"bibr10-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00123-2"},{"key":"bibr11-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8043(97)00190-5"},{"key":"bibr12-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.405"},{"key":"bibr13-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079201300104"},{"key":"bibr14-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801785"},{"key":"bibr15-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070202300108"},{"key":"bibr16-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(91)90036-P"},{"key":"bibr17-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200103000-00018"},{"key":"bibr18-107110070402500811","first-page":"988","volume":"71","author":"Kernozek TW","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"bibr19-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-84-4-171"},{"key":"bibr20-107110070402500811","unstructured":"20. Lohman TG: Advances in Body Composition Assessment. Champaign, I, Human Kinetics, 1992, pp. 37\u201355."},{"key":"bibr21-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199609000-00004"},{"key":"bibr22-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/foot.1999.0544"},{"key":"bibr23-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-2592(97)90052-3"},{"key":"bibr24-107110070402500811","first-page":"A29","volume":"30","author":"McPoil TG","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"bibr25-107110070402500811","unstructured":"25. Nass D, Hennig EM, van Treek R.: The thickness of the heel pad loaded by body weight in obese and normal weight adults. In Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics. University of Calgary, Canmore, Canada, 1999, pp. 74\u201375."},{"key":"bibr26-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)88317-9"},{"key":"bibr27-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.74B4.1624509"},{"key":"bibr28-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801192"},{"key":"bibr29-107110070402500811","unstructured":"29. Rodgers MM: Plantar pressure distribution during barefoot walking: normal values and predictive equations. PhD dissertation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania State University, 1985, pp. 1\u2013199."},{"key":"bibr30-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(94)90007-8"},{"key":"bibr31-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B2.7706341"},{"key":"bibr32-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80041-7"},{"key":"bibr33-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/51.731323"},{"key":"bibr34-107110070402500811","first-page":"1065","volume":"72","author":"Spyropoulos P","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"bibr35-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769030-00014","volume":"69","author":"Staheli LT","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg."},{"key":"bibr36-107110070402500811","first-page":"165","volume":"3","author":"Tanaka SH","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"bibr37-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004669-199211000-00016"},{"key":"bibr38-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/foot.2001.0684"},{"key":"bibr39-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-91-4-203"},{"key":"bibr40-107110070402500811","first-page":"88","volume":"12","author":"van Schie CHM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"bibr41-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070102200807"},{"key":"bibr42-107110070402500811","first-page":"1","volume":"894","author":"World Health Organisation.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic"},{"key":"bibr43-107110070402500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(95)90804-2"}],"container-title":["Foot &amp; Ankle International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/107110070402500811","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/107110070402500811","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/107110070402500811","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T21:22:00Z","timestamp":1777411320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/107110070402500811"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/107110070402500811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110070402500811","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-1007","1944-7876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-7876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}}}