{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T14:22:53Z","timestamp":1793283773291,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,9]],"date-time":"2014-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1397001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foot Ankle Int."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have investigated the role of the calf muscle pump in casted patients. An audit of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in casted patients showed that the thrombosis occurred in the casted leg; this has not been previously assessed. We postulated that local factors play a major role, and we set out to assess the calf muscle pump in casted patients and to determine whether this can be optimized despite below-knee cast immobilization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We measured the flow in the popliteal vein using a validated method of Doppler ultrasound measurement of peak velocity with and without a below-knee plaster cast.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We demonstrated that a simple strategy of toe and ankle exercises can maintain venous return despite below-knee cast immobilization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first study to examine the effect of the calf muscle pump in the presence of a plaster cast. Major muscle groups such as the flexor hallucis longus and gastrocsoleus extend beyond the field of control of the cast and can still be recruited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recommend that all patients treated with a below-knee cast be given a program of exercises that can be comfortably performed with the cast; this could provide a useful, inexpensive, and safe thromboprophylaxis strategy acting at the site of greatest risk and targeting a major cause of VTE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100714530884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,9]],"date-time":"2014-04-09T23:55:43Z","timestamp":1397087743000},"page":"429-433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Effect of Lower Limb Cast Immobilization on Calf Muscle Pump Function"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Ben A.","family":"Hickey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Pugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1071100714530884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.83B8.11938"},{"key":"bibr2-1071100714530884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.19.2173"},{"key":"bibr3-1071100714530884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.02984.x"},{"key":"bibr4-1071100714530884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.06.019"},{"key":"bibr5-1071100714530884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B5.23241"},{"key":"bibr6-1071100714530884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2009.11.035"},{"key":"bibr7-1071100714530884","first-page":"20","volume":"23","author":"Kujath P","year":"1993","journal-title":"Haemostasis"},{"key":"bibr8-1071100714530884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.07737.x"},{"key":"bibr9-1071100714530884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B10.19241"},{"key":"bibr10-1071100714530884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.86B5.14763"},{"key":"bibr11-1071100714530884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03728.x"},{"key":"bibr12-1071100714530884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006681.pub2"},{"key":"bibr13-1071100714530884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.5"},{"key":"bibr14-1071100714530884","volume-title":"Thrombosis and Embolie (1846-1856)","author":"Virchow RLK","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Foot &amp; Ankle International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1071100714530884","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1071100714530884","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1071100714530884","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T21:23:46Z","timestamp":1777411426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1071100714530884"}},"subtitle":["A Simple Strategy of Exercises Can Maintain Flow"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,9]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1071100714530884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071100714530884","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-1007","1944-7876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-7876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,9]]}}}