{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:10:01Z","timestamp":1792131001279,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,20]],"date-time":"2015-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foot Ankle Int."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to identify factors influencing operative outcomes in straightforward, uncomplicated open ankle fusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed all primary open ankle fusions conducted at 1 institution over an 11-year period to identify straightforward, uncomplicated open ankle fusions. Inclusion required a minimum of 6 months follow-up. Patients were excluded for neuropathic arthropathy, insensate limb, failed total ankle replacement, simultaneous arthrodesis of the subtalar joint, or fusions performed within 1 year of injury to salvage failed fixation and painful function due to (1) open fractures, (2) segmental bone loss greater than 1 cm, (3) infection, or (4) talar body fractures. The primary outcome variable was radiographic union at 6 months. Other operative complications were analyzed as secondary outcomes. Five hundred twenty-eight ankle fusion surgeries were performed on 440 patients at 1 institution during the study period. Two hundred fifteen surgeries met inclusion\/exclusion eligibility criteria for uncomplicated open ankle fusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall union rate was 91%. In this cohort of uncomplicated open ankle fusions, bivariate analysis over a broad range of potential factors and further focused multivariate analysis found that nonunion was more than 3 times more likely to occur after previous subtalar fusion, and 2 times more likely to occur in patients with preoperative varus ankle alignment. The rate of reoperation was 19%, with nonunion revision as the leading reason, followed by hardware removal and incision and drainage for presumed infection. Diabetes was not a significant risk factor of either deep or superficial infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Open ankle fusion failed in 9% of uncomplicated ankles with arthritis. Patients who had an open ankle fusion done after previous subtalar joint fusion, as well as those who had preoperative varus ankle alignment, had a significantly higher rate of nonunion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level III, retrospective comparative study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100715587045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,20]],"date-time":"2015-05-20T22:21:35Z","timestamp":1432160495000},"page":"1170-1179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Factors Affecting the Outcomes of Uncomplicated Primary Open Ankle Arthrodesis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Ornusa","family":"Chalayon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Orthopaedic Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bibo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Orthopaedic Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Department, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad","family":"Blankenhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"J. Benjamin","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Beals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Orthopaedic Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Nickisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Orthopaedic Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles L.","family":"Saltzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Orthopaedic Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602701214"},{"key":"bibr2-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.0303"},{"key":"bibr3-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2014.02.014"},{"key":"bibr4-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062010-00015"},{"key":"bibr5-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2011.0344"},{"key":"bibr6-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453671003628764"},{"key":"bibr7-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401500602"},{"key":"bibr8-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00506"},{"key":"bibr9-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401501102"},{"key":"bibr10-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100713504746"},{"key":"bibr11-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2010.0492"},{"key":"bibr12-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200709000-00002"},{"key":"bibr13-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2011.0940"},{"key":"bibr14-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070202301104"},{"key":"bibr15-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100713488765"},{"key":"bibr16-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602700401"},{"issue":"268","key":"bibr17-1071100715587045","first-page":"37","author":"Kitaoka HB","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"bibr18-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2009.04.008"},{"key":"bibr19-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079801900102"},{"key":"bibr20-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2008.01.003"},{"key":"bibr21-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2007.08.004"},{"key":"bibr22-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199307000-00012"},{"key":"bibr23-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902000805"},{"key":"bibr24-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079501600911"},{"key":"bibr25-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2009.0579"},{"key":"bibr26-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1455-8"},{"key":"bibr27-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198406000-00025"},{"key":"bibr28-1071100715587045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2011.0288"}],"container-title":["Foot &amp; 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