{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:26:54Z","timestamp":1777613214604,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]],"date-time":"2016-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foot Ankle Int."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fresh osteochondral allografting of the talus is one treatment option for large chondral defects. Following positive early term results, failure rates of up to 35% have been reported. A retrieval study was performed to characterize failed talar allografts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Failed fresh osteochondral allografts of the talus were retrieved on revision. Cases of deep infection were excluded. After tissue fixation, samples were decalcified, embedded, and stained with Safranin-O\/Fast Green, osteocalcin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), CD4, CD8, and CD68. Slides were graded according to the modified Mankin scoring system or severity scale. Medical record review was performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight allografts (7 patients) were retrieved from patients, following an average term of implantation of 31 months (range, 12-58). There were 3 types of allografts in this series (hemidome, n=5; segmental, n=2; bipolar, n=1). Reasons for transplantation were post-traumatic arthritis or osteonecrosis; reasons for revision were graft failure\/collapse, nonunion, progressive arthritis, and\/or pain. Prior to revision, all grafts exhibited collapse and subchondral lucencies. At the graft host interface, Safranin-O staining demonstrated substantial loss of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, Osteocalcin immunostaning was nearly absent, CD68 (indicating osteoclast activity) was predominantly exhibited, and CD4+ helper T cells as well as CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and NK cells\u2014cell types commonly implicated in allogeneic organ transplant rejection\u2014were found in high concentrations. TNF-\u03b1 was present throughout the graft.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A histopathologic analysis of 8 retrieved, failed talar allografts was performed. Graft failure appeared to be primarily biologic, with an extensive loss of viable cartilaginous and osseous tissue at the graft-host interface. This study provides the first evidence of a potential CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte-mediated failure mechanism in fresh osteochondral allografts that were revised following collapse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level IV, case series.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100716651963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]],"date-time":"2016-06-07T20:45:15Z","timestamp":1465332315000},"page":"958-967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Case Series With Histopathologic and Radiographic Analyses Following Failure of Fresh Osteochondral Allografts of the Talus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Ryan Joseph","family":"Pomajzl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin Ann","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Research, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin Charles","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Research, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mackenzie Marie","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Research, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meagan R.","family":"Salisbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Research, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dylan M.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Research, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul Thomas","family":"Fortin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1071100716651963","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams SBJr, Viens NA, Easley ME, Midterm results of osteochondral lesions of the talar shoulder treated with fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation. 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The use of osteochondral allograft transplantation for primary treatment of cartilage lesions in the knee. Cartilage. 2015;6(4):203-207. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/1947603515595072","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603515595072"},{"key":"bibr5-1071100716651963","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chahal J, Gross AE, Gross C, Outcomes of osteochondral allograft transplantation in the knee. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(3):575-88. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2012.12.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2012.12.002"},{"key":"bibr6-1071100716651963","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson PA, Rivenburgh DW, Dawson PE, Rozin R. Clinical, histologic, and radiographic outcomes of distal femoral resurfacing with hypothermically stored osteoarticular allografts. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(7):1082-1090. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546507299529","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507299529"},{"key":"bibr7-1071100716651963","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannini S, Vannini F. 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