{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:11:18Z","timestamp":1790572278065,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foot Ankle Int."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Functional hallux limitus (FHL) refers to dorsiflexion hallux mobility limitation when the first metatarsal head is under loading conditions but not in the unloaded state. The goal of the study was to evaluate 3 common manual tests (Buell, Dananberg, and Jack tests) for assessing first metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) mobility and determining the normal values needed to detect FHL, and clarify the signs and symptoms associated with this pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-four subjects were included in this reliability study. Subjects were divided into healthy control (non-FHL) and FHL groups according to the Buell first MPJ limitation values in addition to signs and symptoms derived from the literature. In both groups, we measured the mobility in the Buell, Dananberg, and Jack tests using a goniometer; their intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), sensitivities, and specificity indexes were also calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All techniques showed high reliability across measurement trials with ICCs ranging from 0.928 to 0.999. The optimal mobility grades for predicting FHL were 68.6 \u00b1 3.7 degrees, 21 \u00b1 5.9 degrees, and 25.5 \u00b1 6.5 degrees (mean\u00b1SD) ( P &lt; .05) for the Buell, Dananberg, and Jack tests, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Normal and limited mobility values were established for assessing FHL using each technique. The sensitivity and specificity data were perfect for the Dananberg and Jack tests, thus identifying these tests as specific and valid tools for use in FHL diagnosis. Pinch callus was the sign most associated with FHL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level II, comparative series.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100719901116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T06:28:33Z","timestamp":1580279313000},"page":"457-462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Reliability Study of Diagnostic Tests for Functional Hallux Limitus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7071-9860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"S\u00e1nchez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Elena","family":"Losa-Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Calvo-Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Navarro-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Organized Group (FROG). University de Valencia, Center of Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Palomo-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Plasencia, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Romero-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9818-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Health and Podiatry Group, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Ferrol, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(00)80062-9"},{"key":"bibr2-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-78-9-439"},{"key":"bibr3-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-8422(23)00816-9"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr4-1071100719901116","first-page":"477","volume":"23","author":"Cohn I","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Foot Surg"},{"key":"bibr5-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070302401002"},{"key":"bibr6-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-76-11-648"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr7-1071100719901116","first-page":"213","volume":"23","author":"Drago JJ","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Foot Surg"},{"key":"bibr8-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/0980236"},{"key":"bibr9-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2012.12.003"},{"key":"bibr10-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-90-1-35"},{"key":"bibr11-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-61-4-132"},{"key":"bibr12-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576605900908"},{"key":"bibr13-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2006.2136"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr14-1071100719901116","first-page":"397","volume":"32","author":"Hanft JR","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"bibr15-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-90-8-390"},{"key":"bibr16-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.35B1.75"},{"key":"bibr17-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-72-12-600"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr18-1071100719901116","first-page":"13","volume":"9","author":"Laird PO.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Illinois Podiatr"},{"key":"bibr19-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr20-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-8422(23)00992-8","volume":"14","author":"Lichniak JE.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"key":"bibr21-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-015-2946-9"},{"key":"bibr22-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-89-9-458"},{"key":"bibr23-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199903000-00009"},{"key":"bibr24-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1995.21.6.317"},{"key":"bibr25-1071100719901116","volume-title":"Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice","volume":"47","author":"Portney L","year":"2009","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr26-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.08.002"},{"key":"bibr27-1071100719901116","volume-title":"Normal and Abnormal Function of the Foot","author":"Root ML","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr28-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(02)80065-5"},{"key":"bibr29-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/0960474"},{"key":"bibr30-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/0960428"},{"key":"bibr31-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2018.09.019"},{"key":"bibr32-1071100719901116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/0940535"}],"container-title":["Foot &amp; 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