{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:10:57Z","timestamp":1787019057346,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foot Ankle Int."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Talus secundarius is a very rare accessory bone at the lateral border of the foot. It is attached via a synchondrosis or small synostosis to the lateral aspect of the talar body and has additional facets to the tip of the lateral malleolus and the superior aspect of the calcaneus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over a period of 8 years, we have seen 5 patients with 6 cases of talus secundarius with an average age of 17 years at first presentation to the senior author. One ossicle was an incidental finding and completely asymptomatic. In the other 5 cases, the average duration of symptoms was 21 months at that time. In 3 cases, additional accessory bones were seen around the talus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The average size of the ossicles was 18 \u00d7 12 \u00d7 8 mm. Complete removal resulted in considerable pain reduction without further functional restriction in 4 cases. Two cases (1 asymptomatic, 1 with mild intermittent symptoms) were treated nonoperatively. The average Foot Function Index improved from 22.6 to 4.8 in all patients and from 31.0 to 4.5 in the patients treated with excision for symptomatic talus secundarius (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The knowledge of accessory bones at the foot is important, as missed diagnosis may lead to prolonged course of pain and unnecessary protection in the affected patients. Resection of symptomatic ossicles substantially reduces pain, but patients have to be counseled that some symptoms may prevail in a congenital deformity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level IV, prospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100720903298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T07:34:03Z","timestamp":1580196843000},"page":"596-604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Talus Secundarius: Case Series"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1141-6493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Rammelt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Manke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Prescher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Rheinisch Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"1051","volume-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","author":"Abramowitz Y","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abramowitz Y, Wollstein R, Barzilay Y, et al. Outcome of resection of a symptomatic os trigonum. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85(6):1051-1057."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Das Intermedium tarsi beim Menschen [The intermedium tarsi in man]","volume":"17","author":"Bardeleben K.","year":"1883","unstructured":"Bardeleben K. Das Intermedium tarsi beim Menschen [The intermedium tarsi in man]. Sitzungsber Jena Ges Med Naturw. 1883;17:37-39.","journal-title":"Sitzungsber Jena Ges Med Naturw"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2018.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"238","article-title":"Recherches sur le d\u00e9veloppement et la constitution morphologiques de l\u2019articulation du cou-de-pied chez l\u2019homme [Investigations on the development and morphologic properties of the midfoot joint in humans]","volume":"26","author":"Beau A.","year":"1939","unstructured":"Beau A. Recherches sur le d\u00e9veloppement et la constitution morphologiques de l\u2019articulation du cou-de-pied chez l\u2019homme [Investigations on the development and morphologic properties of the midfoot joint in humans]. Arch Anat Histol Embryol. 1939;26:238.","journal-title":"Arch Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(91)90220-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1268-7731(03)00017-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"286","article-title":"Vorl\u00e4ufige Mittheilung \u00fcber die second\u00e4ren Fusswurzel-Knochen des Menschen [Preliminary communication about the secondary tarsal bones in man]","volume":"1","author":"Gruber W.","year":"1864","unstructured":"Gruber W. Vorl\u00e4ufige Mittheilung \u00fcber die second\u00e4ren Fusswurzel-Knochen des Menschen [Preliminary communication about the secondary tarsal bones in man]. 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Z Morphol Anthrop. 1903;5:438-508.","journal-title":"Z Morphol Anthrop"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"e1881","article-title":"Accessory ossicles of the foot and ankle: disorders and a review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Keles-Celik N","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keles-Celik N, Kose O, Sekerci R, Aytac G, Turan A, Guler F. Accessory ossicles of the foot and ankle: disorders and a review of the literature. Cureus. 2017;9(11):e1881.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-017-2803-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100719884056."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-214540","article-title":"An annoyance from an anomalous OS","volume":"2016","author":"Madi S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Madi S, Pandey V, Senthil V, Acharya K. An annoyance from an anomalous OS. 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