{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T22:29:00Z","timestamp":1785364140226,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583452800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foot Ankle Int."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nuclear medicine has been widely applied as a diagnostic tool for orthopedic foot and ankle pathology. Although its indications have diminished with improvements in and the availability of magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine still has a significant and valuable role. The present article offers a comprehensive and current review of the most common nuclear imaging modalities for the orthopedic foot and ankle surgeon. Methods discussed include bone scintigraphy, gallium citrate scintigraphy, labeled-leukocyte scintigraphy, and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). We review the indications and utility of these techniques as they pertain to specific foot and ankle conditions, including osteomyelitis, stress fractures, talar osteochondral lesions, complex regional pain syndrome, oncology, plantar fasciitis, and the painful total ankle arthroplasty. We conclude with a discussion of our approach to nuclear medicine with illustrative cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100720910422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T05:27:45Z","timestamp":1583472465000},"page":"612-623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Nuclear Medicine for the Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Surgeon"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2700-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Serino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle N.","family":"Kunze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen K.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel G.","family":"Morash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dalhouse University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"George B.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnny","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran S.","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7599-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Bohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3603929"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr2-1071100720910422","first-page":"711","volume":"26","author":"Alazraki N","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"bibr3-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2108"},{"key":"bibr4-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.836"},{"key":"bibr5-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2008.08.002"},{"key":"bibr6-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200207000-00004"},{"key":"bibr7-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e318184b987"},{"key":"bibr8-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2543-3"},{"key":"bibr9-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2006.05.004"},{"key":"bibr10-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1320125"},{"key":"bibr11-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.10.035"},{"key":"bibr12-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401500404"},{"key":"bibr13-1071100720910422","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Mann\u2019s Surgery of the Foot and Ankle","volume":"1","author":"Coughlin MJ","edition":"9"},{"key":"bibr14-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1297-319X(03)00142-8"},{"key":"bibr15-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-002-0546-4"},{"key":"bibr16-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00262.x"},{"key":"bibr17-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002590050205"},{"key":"bibr18-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e318208f0e6"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr19-1071100720910422","first-page":"209","volume":"42","author":"Drubach LA","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"bibr20-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2014.02.007"},{"key":"bibr21-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/117.2.337"},{"key":"bibr22-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.00920"},{"key":"bibr23-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20120426-11"},{"key":"bibr24-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e3181cc648f"},{"key":"bibr25-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.108.059493"},{"key":"bibr26-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070202300314"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr27-1071100720910422","first-page":"1577","volume":"47","author":"Frater C","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"bibr28-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2352040406"},{"key":"bibr29-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/117.1.21"},{"key":"bibr30-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.173.3.10470906"},{"key":"bibr31-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00117-018-0361-0"},{"key":"bibr32-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.0921"},{"key":"bibr33-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(97)80117-2"},{"key":"bibr34-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2010.03.002"},{"key":"bibr35-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2010.07.010"},{"key":"bibr36-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.184.2.1620860"},{"key":"bibr37-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2533-5"},{"key":"bibr38-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199105000-00006"},{"key":"bibr39-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3944\/AOTT.2014.13.0049"},{"key":"bibr40-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2003.18.5.707"},{"key":"bibr41-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100712460224"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr42-1071100720910422","first-page":"271","volume":"28","author":"La Fontaine J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"bibr43-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12433"},{"key":"bibr44-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2008.0358"},{"key":"bibr45-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510392709"},{"key":"bibr46-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1396769"},{"key":"bibr47-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/123.1.123"},{"key":"bibr48-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.21.5.g01se191229"},{"key":"bibr49-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/dfa.v5.24445"},{"key":"bibr50-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.2.160078"},{"key":"bibr51-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100715573050"},{"key":"bibr52-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500107"},{"key":"bibr53-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2011.0233"},{"key":"bibr54-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2481071451"},{"key":"bibr55-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2009.08.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr56-1071100720910422","first-page":"106","volume":"33","author":"Mpalaris V","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol"},{"key":"bibr57-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-921941"},{"key":"bibr58-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200806000-00006"},{"key":"bibr59-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1267975"},{"key":"bibr60-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738116635558"},{"key":"bibr61-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509336336"},{"key":"bibr62-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.05.027"},{"key":"bibr63-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2998(05)80227-2"},{"key":"bibr64-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v6.i7.446"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr65-1071100720910422","first-page":"105","volume":"53","author":"Palestro CJ","year":"2009","journal-title":"Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr66-1071100720910422","first-page":"569","volume":"23","author":"Park HM","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr67-1071100720910422","first-page":"305","volume":"5","author":"Pelletier-Galarneau M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"bibr68-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100716672660"},{"key":"bibr69-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1214160"},{"key":"bibr70-1071100720910422","unstructured":"Radiation Dose Assessment Resource. RADAR medical procedure radiation dose calculator and consent language generator. Accessed February 18, 2020. https:\/\/www.doseinfo-radar.com\/RADARDoseRiskCalc.html"},{"key":"bibr71-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/133.3.717"},{"key":"bibr72-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0b013e31820ef556"},{"key":"bibr73-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.158.1.1727365"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr74-1071100720910422","first-page":"1651","volume":"29","author":"Schauwecker DS","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"bibr75-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31805c9e66"},{"key":"bibr76-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078800900105"},{"key":"bibr77-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2011.03.001"},{"key":"bibr78-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2006.05.003"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr79-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000134","volume":"35","author":"Sharma P","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"key":"bibr80-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-009-0737-3"},{"key":"bibr81-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079701800211"},{"key":"bibr82-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(02)00010-6"},{"key":"bibr83-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-004-0765-3"},{"key":"bibr84-1071100720910422","volume":"94","author":"Townshend D","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop Proc"},{"key":"bibr85-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1450-1147.203077"},{"issue":"12","key":"bibr86-1071100720910422","first-page":"2241","volume":"32","author":"Urman M","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"bibr87-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnm.IJNM_68_19"},{"key":"bibr88-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i11.944"},{"key":"bibr89-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e318263953b"},{"key":"bibr90-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4417-x"},{"key":"bibr91-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173688"},{"key":"bibr92-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2011.01.009"},{"key":"bibr93-1071100720910422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100713509247"}],"container-title":["Foot &amp; Ankle International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1071100720910422","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1071100720910422","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1071100720910422","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T21:23:56Z","timestamp":1777411436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1071100720910422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1071100720910422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071100720910422","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-1007","1944-7876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-7876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]}}}