{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:11:00Z","timestamp":1787019060218,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,11,1]],"date-time":"1994-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":783648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foot Ankle Int."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to review 15 years of experience with ankle fusions, specifically addressing the underlying etiology of ankle pathology, incidence of nonunion, and associated predisposing conditions that can lead to nonunion. Seventy-eight ankle fusions, performed between 1975 and 1990, were reviewed for this study. The average follow-up was 4 years. Patients with nonunion were evaluated separately to look at the predisposing factors that may have lead to nonunion. Factors associated with nonunion included fracture type, evidence of avascular necrosis, infection, major medical problems, and open injuries. Factors that were not associated with nonunion included age, past history of subtalar or triple arthrodesis, and technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401501102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,3]],"date-time":"2013-03-03T03:31:12Z","timestamp":1362281472000},"page":"581-584","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":307,"title":["A Review of Ankle Arthrodesis: Predisposing Factors to Nonunion"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Carol","family":"Frey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, and the Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Center, Los Angeles, California. Address reprint requests to Dr. Frey, Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Center, 2300 South Hope St., Suite 700, Los Angeles, California 90007."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas M.","family":"Halikus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, and the Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Center, Los Angeles, California. Address reprint requests to Dr. Frey, Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Center, 2300 South Hope St., Suite 700, Los Angeles, California 90007."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taryn","family":"Vu-Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, and the Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Center, Los Angeles, California. Address reprint requests to Dr. Frey, Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Center, 2300 South Hope St., Suite 700, Los Angeles, California 90007."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Ebramzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Hospital, Los Angeles, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-107110079401501102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.33B2.180"},{"key":"bibr2-107110079401501102","first-page":"152","volume":"202","author":"Hagen R.J.","year":"1986","journal-title":"C. O. R. R."},{"key":"bibr3-107110079401501102","unstructured":"3. Hansen S.: Ankle fusion [Instructional Course]. Annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, February 4\u20139, 1988, Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"bibr4-107110079401501102","first-page":"21","volume":"289","author":"Holt E.","year":"1991","journal-title":"C. O. R. R."},{"key":"bibr5-107110079401501102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078600700108"},{"key":"bibr6-107110079401501102","unstructured":"6. Kitaoka H.: Review of ankle fusions [Abstract]. Annual meeting of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, July 15\u201319, 1992, Napa, CA."},{"key":"bibr7-107110079401501102","first-page":"146","volume":"142","author":"Lance E.","year":"1979","journal-title":"C. O. R. R."},{"key":"bibr8-107110079401501102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198365060-00017"},{"key":"bibr9-107110079401501102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198567040-00007"},{"key":"bibr10-107110079401501102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062050-00012"},{"key":"bibr11-107110079401501102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.41B3.524"},{"key":"bibr12-107110079401501102","first-page":"54","volume":"199","author":"Ross S.","year":"1985","journal-title":"C. O. R. R."},{"key":"bibr13-107110079401501102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198567040-00008"},{"key":"bibr14-107110079401501102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198365020-00011"},{"key":"bibr15-107110079401501102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197401000-00029"},{"key":"bibr16-107110079401501102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196951040-00018"},{"key":"bibr17-107110079401501102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196345030-00004"},{"key":"bibr18-107110079401501102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.72B1.2298774"},{"key":"bibr19-107110079401501102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.70B1.3339041"},{"key":"bibr20-107110079401501102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078000100212"},{"key":"bibr21-107110079401501102","unstructured":"Yassine Z.: Ankle arthrodeses with spoon plate. Surg. Rounds Orthop., July 15\u201322, 1986."}],"container-title":["Foot &amp; Ankle International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/107110079401501102","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/107110079401501102","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/107110079401501102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T21:18:48Z","timestamp":1777411128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/107110079401501102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,11]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/107110079401501102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110079401501102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-1007","1944-7876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-7876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,11]]}}}