{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T01:00:47Z","timestamp":1791162047952,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]],"date-time":"1999-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":917827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foot Ankle Int."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The degree of valgus in the heel during weightbearing (the rearfoot angle) is commonly used as an angular criterion in the evaluation and treatment of flatfoot in children and adults. The rearfoot angle has been frequently reported to reduce with age to a vertical heel position attained at approximately 7 years old. The present study evaluated the rearfoot angle in 150 healthy children (age range, 6-16 years). The average rearfoot angle for all children in this study was 4\u00b0 of valgus (SD, 1.1\u00b0 range, 0\u00b0-9\u00b0 of valgus). There was no significant difference in the rearfoot angle in children of different ages. The rearfoot angle did not reduce to the vertical heel position by age 7 as had been reported previously.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902000209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,3]],"date-time":"2013-03-03T03:31:12Z","timestamp":1362281472000},"page":"119-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Natural History of the Rearfoot Angle: Preliminary Values in 150 Children"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"Sobel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Podiatric Orthopedics."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Levitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Podiatric Orthopedics."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Caselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Podiatric Orthopedics."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zina","family":"Brentnall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Podiatric Orthopedics, New York College of Podiatric Medicine, New York, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Q.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Podiatric Orthopedics, New York College of Podiatric Medicine, New York, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-107110079902000209","author":"American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons","year":"1965","journal-title":"Joint Motion: Method of Measuring and Recording"},{"key":"bibr2-107110079902000209","first-page":"274","volume":"4","author":"Anderson A.F.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anterior calcaneal osteotomy for symptomatic juvenile pes planus"},{"key":"bibr3-107110079902000209","first-page":"216","volume":"22","author":"Astrom M.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Alignment and joint motion in the normal foot"},{"key":"bibr4-107110079902000209","unstructured":"4. Banks A.S., and Smith T.F.: Operative treatment of the non-neurogenic pes valgus foot,\n                      In\n                      DeValentine S. (ed.), Foot and Ankle Disorders in Children. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1992, pp. 329\u2013367."},{"key":"bibr5-107110079902000209","first-page":"582","volume":"63","author":"Beck E.L.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Modified young tendosus-pension technique for flexible fiatfoot"},{"key":"bibr6-107110079902000209","unstructured":"6. Cailliet R.: Foot and Ankle Pain, 2nd Ed. Philadelphia, F.A. Davis, 1985, p. 10."},{"key":"bibr7-107110079902000209","first-page":"797","volume":"69","author":"Diamond J.E.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Reliability of a diabetic foot evaluation"},{"key":"bibr8-107110079902000209","first-page":"99","volume":"4","author":"Dockery G.L.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Surgical treatment of the symptomatic juvenile flexible fiatfoot condition"},{"key":"bibr9-107110079902000209","first-page":"672","volume":"68","author":"Elveru R.A.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Goniometrie reliability in a clinical setting: subtalar and ankle joint measurements"},{"key":"bibr10-107110079902000209","volume-title":"Biomechanics of running","author":"Fields K.B.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr11-107110079902000209","first-page":"10","volume":"24","author":"Freeman A.C.","year":"1990","journal-title":"A study of the inter-tester and intra-tester reliability in the measurement of resting calcaneal stance position and neutral calcaneal stance position"},{"key":"bibr12-107110079902000209","unstructured":"12. Hauser E.D.: Diseases of the Foot. Philadelphia, W.B. Saun-ders, 1941, p. 34."},{"key":"R381","first-page":"1124","volume":"34","author":"Jay Ft.","year":"1995","journal-title":"The dynamic stabilizing innersole system (DSIS): the management of hyperpronation in children"},{"key":"bibr13-107110079902000209","first-page":"586","volume":"93","author":"Lahey M.A.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Intraclass correlations: there's more there than meets the eye"},{"key":"bibr14-107110079902000209","first-page":"369","volume":"78","author":"Latimer B.","year":"1989","journal-title":"The calcaneus of Australopithecus afarensis and its implications for the evolution of bipedality"},{"key":"bibr15-107110079902000209","first-page":"43","volume":"70","author":"LeLievre J.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Current concepts and correction in the valgus foot"},{"key":"bibr16-107110079902000209","first-page":"177","volume":"4","author":"Lundeen R.O.","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Smith STA-peg operation for hypermobile pes planovalgus in children"},{"key":"bibr17-107110079902000209","unstructured":"17. MacAusland W.R., and Mayo R.: Orthopedics: A Concise Guide to Clinical Practice. Boston, Little, Brown, 1964, pp. 269\u2013270."},{"key":"bibr18-107110079902000209","unstructured":"18. Mahan K.T.: Pes planovalgus deformity.\n                      In\n                      McGlamry E.D. (ed.), Surgery of the Foot and Ankle, 2nd Ed. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1992, pp. 769\u2013817."},{"key":"bibr19-107110079902000209","first-page":"180","volume":"19","author":"Marks R.M.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Posttraumatic posterior tibialis tendon insertional elongation with functional incompetency: a case report"},{"key":"bibr20-107110079902000209","unstructured":"20. McCrea J.D.: Pediatric Orthopedics of the Lower Extremity. Mount Kisco, New York, Futura Publishing, 1985, p. 187."},{"key":"bibr21-107110079902000209","first-page":"141","volume":"15","author":"McPoil T.G.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Relationship between neutral subtalar joint position and pattern of rearfoot motion during walking"},{"key":"bibr22-107110079902000209","first-page":"370","volume":"23","author":"McPoil T.G.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Relationship between three static angles of the rearfoot and the pattern of rearfoot motion during walking"},{"key":"bibr23-107110079902000209","first-page":"57","volume":"5","author":"Menz H.B.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical hindfoot measurement: a critical review of the literature"},{"key":"bibr24-107110079902000209","first-page":"194","volume":"7","author":"Menz H.B.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Reliability of two instruments in the measurement of closed chain subtalar joint positions"},{"key":"bibr25-107110079902000209","first-page":"1052","volume":"19","author":"Morton D.J.","year":"1937","journal-title":"Physiological considerations in the treatment of foot deformities"},{"key":"bibr26-107110079902000209","unstructured":"26. Nigg B.M.: Biomechanics as applied to sport.\n                      In\n                      Harries M., Williams C, Stanish W.D., and Micheli L. (eds.), The Oxford Textbook of Sports Medicine. New York, Oxford University Press, 1994, pp. 94\u2013111."},{"key":"bibr27-107110079902000209","first-page":"28","volume":"17","author":"Rome K.L.","year":"1996","journal-title":"A reliability study of the universal goniometer, fluid goniometer, and electrogoniometer for the measurement of ankle dorsiflexion"},{"key":"bibr28-107110079902000209","unstructured":"28. Root M.L., Orien W.P., Weed J.H., and Hughes R.J.: Biomechanical Examination of the Foot. Los Angeles, Clinical Biomechanics, 1971, p. 131."},{"key":"bibr29-107110079902000209","volume-title":"Normal and abnormal Function of the Foot","author":"Root M.L.","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr30-107110079902000209","unstructured":"30. Rosner B: Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Belmont, CA, Duxbury Press, 1995, pp. 517\u2013521."},{"key":"bibr31-107110079902000209","first-page":"17","volume":"290","author":"Sarrafian S.K.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biomechanics of the subtalar joint complex"},{"key":"bibr32-107110079902000209","first-page":"13","volume":"17","author":"Schuster R.O.","year":"1956","journal-title":"Children's foot survey Harpursville Central School"},{"key":"bibr33-107110079902000209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198406000-00025"},{"key":"bibr34-107110079902000209","unstructured":"34. Sims D.S., and Cavanagh P.R.: Selected foot mechanics related to the prescription of foot orthoses.\n                      In\n                      Jahss M.H. (ed.), Disorders of the Foot and Ankle: Medical and Surgical Management, 2nd Ed. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1991, pp. 469\u2013483."},{"key":"bibr35-107110079902000209","first-page":"15","volume":"181","author":"Smith S.D.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arthrorisis by means of a subtalar polyethylene peg implant for correction of hindfoot pronation in children"},{"key":"bibr36-107110079902000209","first-page":"253","volume":"23","author":"Smith S.D.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Review of postoperative results of the subtalar arthrorisis operation: a preliminary study"},{"key":"bibr37-107110079902000209","first-page":"561","volume":"6","author":"Spinner S.M.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Criteria for combined procedure selection in the surgical correction of the acquired flatfoot"},{"key":"bibr38-107110079902000209","unstructured":"38. Staheli L.T.: Fundamentals of Pediatric Orthopedics. New York, Raven Press, 1992, p. 5.14."},{"key":"bibr39-107110079902000209","first-page":"701","volume":"64","author":"Subotnick S.I.","year":"1974","journal-title":"The subtalar joint lateral extra-articular arthroereisis: a preliminary report"},{"key":"bibr40-107110079902000209","unstructured":"40. Thorndike R.M.: Measurement and Evaluation in Psychology and Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1997, pp. 95\u2013128."},{"key":"bibr41-107110079902000209","unstructured":"41. Valmassy R.L.: Lower extremity treatment modalities for the pediatric patient.\n                      In\n                      Valmassy R.L. (ed.), Clinical Biomechanics of the Lower Extremities. New York, C.V. Mosby, 1996, pp. 426\u2013452."},{"key":"bibr42-107110079902000209","first-page":"125","volume":"11","author":"Vitasalo J.T.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Some biomechanical aspects of the foot and ankle in athletes with an without shin splints"},{"key":"bibr43-107110079902000209","first-page":"128","volume":"7","author":"Weiner Ogilvie S.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Reliability of open kinetic chain subtalar joint measurement"},{"key":"bibr44-107110079902000209","unstructured":"44. Wenger D.R.: Flatfoot and Children's Shoes.\n                      In\n                      Wenger D.R., and Rang M. (eds.), The Art and Practice of Children's Orthopaedics. New York, Raven Press, 1993, pp. 77\u2013102."},{"key":"bibr45-107110079902000209","first-page":"361","volume":"46","author":"Wright D.G.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Action of the subtalar and ankle-joint complex during the stance phase of walking"},{"key":"bibr46-107110079902000209","unstructured":"46. Yu G.V., and Boberg J.: Subtalar arthroereisis.\n                      In\n                      McGlamry E.D. (ed.), Surgery of the Foot and Ankle, 2nd Ed. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1992, pp. 818\u2013828."}],"container-title":["Foot &amp; Ankle International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/107110079902000209","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/107110079902000209","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/107110079902000209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T21:19:03Z","timestamp":1777411143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/107110079902000209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/107110079902000209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110079902000209","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-1007","1944-7876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-7876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]}}}