{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T14:02:56Z","timestamp":1768312976295,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1461,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>About 6,000 individuals participate in the U.S. transplant system as a living organ donor each year. Organ donation (most commonly a kidney or part of liver) by living individuals is a unique procedure, where healthy patients undergo a major surgical operation without any direct functional benefit to themselves. In this article, the authors explore how the ideal of informed consent guides education and evaluation for living organ donation. The authors posit that informed consent for living organ donation is a process. Though the steps in this process are partially standardized through national health policy, they can be improved through institutional structures at the local, transplant center-level. Effective structures and practices aimed at supporting and promoting comprehensive informed consent provide more opportunities for candidates to ask questions about the risks and benefits of living donation and to opt out voluntarily Additionally, these practices could enable new ways of measuring knowledge and improving the consent process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110517703101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]],"date-time":"2017-07-20T04:19:39Z","timestamp":1500524379000},"page":"66-76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Living Organ Donation and Informed Consent in the United States: Strategies to Improve the Process"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Macey L.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jed Adam","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-016-9713-x"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1988.00380060149027"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04102.x"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib38","unstructured":"38. National Organ Transplant Act, (1984), 42 USC \u00a7 274e (2015)."},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1510491"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181e3ec61"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12199"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib16","unstructured":"16. Medicare Program; Hospital Conditions of Participation: Requirements for Approval and Re-Approval of Transplant Centers to Perform Organ Transplants; Final Rule. Federal Register. 2007;72 (61))."},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib15","unstructured":"15. Medicare and Medicaid Services Hospital Conditions of Participation: Requirements for Approval and Re-approval of Transplant Centers to Perform Organ Transplants: Final Rule. Federal Register 72, no. 61, (2007): 15197."},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000157343.27949.9F"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib22","unstructured":"22. European Union Workgoup on Living Donation, Toolbox Living Kidney Donation: Action Plan on Organ Donation and Transplantation, 2009-2015,available at <http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/\/sites\/health\/files\/blood_tissues_organs\/docs\/eutoolbox_living_kidney_donation_en.pdf>."},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib13","first-page":"2919","article-title":"\u201cConsensus Statement on the Live Organ Donor,\u201d","volume":"22","author":"Abecassis","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib39","unstructured":"39. OPTN, Policy 14.2 \u201cIndependent Living Donor Advocate (ILDA) Requirements,\u201d January 21, 2106 (2016): 176."},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12406"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7182\/pit2014378"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03814.x"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib12","unstructured":"12. Canterbury v. Spence 464 F.2d 772 (D.C. Cir. 1972)."},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-014-0053-4"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib23","unstructured":"23. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, Policy 14.3, \u201cInformed Consent Requirements\u201d (2016): 177-181."},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12599"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib6","first-page":"104","volume-title":"Principles of Biomedical Ethics","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib21","unstructured":"21. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, Policy 14.3, \u201cInformed Consent Requirements\u201d (2016): 177-181."},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib2","unstructured":"2. Matas, supra note 1"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195057362.001.0001","volume-title":"The Foundations of Bioethics","author":"Engelhardt","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12579"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib42","unstructured":"42. Chessa, supra note 39"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04062.x"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13001"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/152692480901900109"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310345"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03816.x","article-title":"\u201cLiving Kidney Donor Follow-up: State-of-the-Art and Future Directions, Conference Summary and Recommendations,\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Leichtman","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Transplantation"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1526924816654608"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04102.x"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000518"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib8","unstructured":"8. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, Policy 14.4 \u201cMedical Evaluation Requirements for Living Donors,\u201d January 21, 2016 (2016): 181-187."},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.237"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9143-9_18"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn295"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13272"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40472-014-0044-3"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001948"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib37","unstructured":"37. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, Policy 14.1 \u201cPsychosocial Evaluation Requirements for Living Donors,\u201d January 21, 2016 (2016): 175."},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib11","unstructured":"11. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, Policy 14.4 \u201cMedical Evaluation Requirements for Living Donors\u201d (2016): 181-187."},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib36","volume-title":"A History and Theory of Informed Consent","author":"Faden","year":"1986"},{"key":"S1073110500022427_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1000950"}],"container-title":["Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1073110517703101","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1073110517703101","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1073110500022427","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T17:06:41Z","timestamp":1719335201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1073110500022427\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"alternative-id":["S1073110500022427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073110517703101","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1105","1748-720X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-720X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}