{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T19:53:02Z","timestamp":1767901982352,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1096,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article seeks to document the latest danger in the opioid crisis: fentanyl and related synthetic opioids. Fifty times more potent than pure heroin, cheaper to manufacture in laboratories worldwide, and easily distributed by mail and couriers, fentanyl is flooding the illicit opioid markets throughout the country.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110518782937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]],"date-time":"2018-07-18T11:39:17Z","timestamp":1531913957000},"page":"314-324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Fentanyl: A Whole New World?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Rothberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Stith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib58","unstructured":"58. Interview with DEA, supra note 28."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib12","unstructured":"12. United States Sentencing Commission [USSC], Public Hearing on Fentanyl, Fentanyl Analogues, and Synthetic Cannabinoids: Testimony of Barry K. Logan, PhD, F-AFBT, NMS Labs, Chief of Forensic Toxicology, December 5, 2017, at 3-4, available at <https:\/\/www.ussc.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/amendment-process\/public-hearings-and-meetings\/20171205\/Logan.pdf> (last visited April 23, 2018) [hereinafter USSC Logan Testimony]"},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib45","unstructured":"45. Id. at 5."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib77","unstructured":"77. Drug Policy Alliance, supra note 19, at 16."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib43","unstructured":"43. Popper, N. , \u201cOpioid Dealers Embrace the Dark Web to Send Deadly Drugs by Mail,\u201d New York Times, June 10, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/06\/10\/business\/dealbook\/opioid-dark-web-drug-overdose.html> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib59","unstructured":"59. Spegele, B. and Whalen, J. , \u201cThe Chinese Connection Fueling America\u2019s Fentanyl Crisis,\u201d Wall Street Journal, June 23, 2016, available at <https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/the-chinese-connection-fueling-americas-fentanyl-crisis-1466618934> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib70","unstructured":"70. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib53","unstructured":"53. See McFadden v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2298 (2015) (setting forth multi-pronged, complicated mens rea requirements for conviction)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib66","unstructured":"66. Rubio, M. , United States Senator for Florida, Press Releases, \u201cRubio, Colleagues Introduce Bipartisan Legislation to Help Reduce Flow of Illicit Fentanyl into U.S.,\u201d March 23, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.rubio.senate.gov\/public\/index.cfm\/press-releases?ID=825B5302-CB0A-451B-B4CE-2A59D258DEE2> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib16","unstructured":"16. See, e.g., Siemaszko, C. , \u201cWhat Is Gray Death? The Killer Drug Cocktail Is Latest Battle in War Against Opioids,\u201d NBC News, May 5, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/story-line\/americas-heroin-epidemic\/what-gray-death-killer-drug-cocktail-latest-battle-war-against-n755546> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib41","unstructured":"41. DOJ OPA, \u201cJustice Department Announces First Ever Indictments Against Designated Chinese Manufacturers of Deadly Fentanyl and Other Opiate Substances,\u201d October 17, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/justice-department-announces-first-ever-indictments-against-designated-chinese-manufacturers> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib74","unstructured":"74. Areddy, J. T. and Dou, E. , \u201cChina Plays Down Role in U.S. Opioid Crisis Ahead of Trump\u2019s Visit,\u201d Wall Street Journal, November 3, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/china-plays-down-role-in-u-s-opioid-crisis-ahead-of-trumps-visit-1509708703> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib68","unstructured":"68. USSC Perez Testimony, supra note 61, at 3. Recently, an investigation headed by the USPS and DEA led to a guilty plea by a Connecticut man, who had used the dark web to buy and sell various opioids, supra note 34."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib10","unstructured":"10. DEA, Fentanyl: A Briefing Guide for First Responders, June 2017, at 10, available at <https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/druginfo\/Fentanyl_BriefingGuideforFirstResponders_June2017.pdf> (last visited April 23, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib62","unstructured":"62. Id. at 7-8."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib46","unstructured":"46. Judgment at 1, Peterson (D. Conn. Sept. 8, 2017)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib14","unstructured":"14. Then-United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut Deirdre M. Daly and Assistant United States Attorney Robert M. Spector, interview by authors (October 11, 2017)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib57","unstructured":"57. Spegele, B. , \u201cChina Moves to Keep Its Deadly Opioids Out of U.S.,\u201d Wall Street Journal, February 16, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/china-moves-to-keep-its-deadly-opioids-out-of-u-s-1487241189> (last visited April 25, 2018); Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, \u201cAttorney General Sessions Applauds China for Restricting Two Fentanyl Precursors,\u201d January 5, 2018, available at <https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/attorney-general-sessions-applauds-china-restricting-two-fentanyl-precursors> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib76","unstructured":"76. Popper, N. and Ruiz, R. R. , \u201c2 Leading Online Black Markets Are Shut Down by Authorities,\u201d New York Times, July 20, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/07\/20\/business\/dealbook\/alphabay-dark-web-opioids.html> (last visited April 25, 2018) (statement of former Acting Director of the FBI Andrew McCabe)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib56","unstructured":"56. Jiang, S. , \u201cChina Says US Not Doing Enough To Cut Demand for Opioids,\u201d CNN, December 28, 2017, available at <http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2017\/12\/28\/asia\/china-drugs-us-intl\/index.html> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib34","unstructured":"34. \u201cDark web\u201d opioid dealer Peter Ceplenski, for instance, had shipped fentanyl powder to an individual to press into pills, but the pills Ceplenski received in return contained no controlled substances at all. Another package Ceplenski believed to contain amphetamine pills were actually methamphetamine, and yet another package he ordered\u2014containing what \u201cappeared to be 61 oxycodone tablets\u201d\u2014contained heroin, not oxycodone. USAO-CT, \u201cEssex Man Admits to Using Dark Web to Buy and Sell Drugs,\u201d January 8, 2018, available at <https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/usao-ct\/pr\/essex-man-admits-using-dark-web-buy-and-sell-drugs> (last visited April 25, 2018); N. Rondinone, \u201cEssex Man Caught With Prescriptions Guilty In Dark Web Drug Probe,\u201d Hartford Courant, January 11, 2018, available at <http:\/\/www.courant.com\/breaking-news\/hc-br-federal-dark-web-drug-plea-essex-20180110-story.html> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib7","unstructured":"7. DEA, \u201cDEA Targets Fentanyl: A Real Threat to Law Enforcement,\u201d June 2016, available at <https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/druginfo\/DEA%20Targets%20Fentanyl%20%20A%20Real%20Threat%20to%20Law%20Enforcement%20(2016).pdf> (last visited April 23, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib28","unstructured":"28. B. D. Boyle, Assistant Special Agent in Charge of the New England Field Division, and P. J. Spera, Group Supervisor, DEA, interview by authors (October 25, 2017) [hereinafter Interview with DEA]."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib19","unstructured":"19. Drug Policy Alliance, An Overdose Death Is Not Murder: Why Drug-Induced Homicide Laws Are Counterproductive and Inhumane, November 2017, at 17, available at <http:\/\/www.drugpolicy.org\/sites\/default\/files\/dpa_drug_induced_homicide_report_0.pdf> (last visited April 25, 2018) [hereinafter Drug Policy Alliance]."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib37","unstructured":"37. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs [DOJ OPA], \u201cJustice Department Announces First Ever Indictments Against Designated Chinese Manufacturers of Deadly Fentanyl and Other Opiate Substances,\u201d October 17, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/justice-department-announces-first-ever-indictments-against-designated-chinese-manufacturers> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib73","unstructured":"73. USSC Perez Testimony, supra note 61, at 6."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.08.010"},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib31","unstructured":"31. \u201cBranford Police Seize 8 Kilograms of Narcotics from Ohio Man,\u201d New Haven Register, July 13, 2017, available at <http:\/\/www.nhregister.com\/connecticut\/article\/Branford-Policeseize-8-kilograms-of-narcotics-11729634.php> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib64","unstructured":"64. Rath, A. , \u201cLethal Opiates Delivered By Mail From China, Killing Addicts In The U.S.,\u201d NPR, March 11, 2017, available at <http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2017\/03\/11\/519649096\/can-china-banon-deadly-opioid-save-lives-in-the-u-s> (last visited April 25, 2018). Whether this is even necessary is far from clear. USAOCT sees the USPS as one of its greatest partners, despite the difficulties inherent in tracking small, mislabeled packages arriving by way of various countries. Presentation by AUSA Spector to \u201cLaw and the Opioid Crisis\u201d Seminar, Yale Law School, September 18, 2017. See also Popper, supra note 43."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib4","unstructured":"4. DEA, \u201cDrug Info: Fentanyl FAQs,\u201d available at <https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/druginfo\/fentanyl-faq.shtml> (last visited April 23, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib51","unstructured":"51. Rosenstein, \u201cRemarks on Enforcement Actions,\u201d supra note 40; see also USSC, Public Hearing on Fentanyl, Fentanyl Analogues, and Synthetic Cannabinoids: Testimony of Michael L. Van Linn, PhD, Drug Science Specialist, Drug & Chemical Evaluation Section, DEA, December 5, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.ussc.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/amendment-process\/public-hearings-and-meetings\/20171205\/Van-Linn.pdf> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib13","unstructured":"13. Esposito, L. , \u201cFentanyl: The Scariest Opioid?\u201d U.S. News, June 10, 2016, available at <https:\/\/health.usnews.com\/health-news\/patient-advice\/articles\/2016-06-10\/fentanyl-the-scariest-opioid> (last visited April 23, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal0971"},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib25","unstructured":"25. OCME, Accidental Drug Intoxication Deaths, supra note 15."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib44","unstructured":"44. Sentencing Memorandum by USA at 1, USA v. Peterson, No. 3:16-cr-00109-SRU (D. Conn. July 15, 2015)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib78","unstructured":"78. Torralva, K. , \u201cFentanyl Dealers Can Face Life Sentence or Death in Overdose Cases with New Florida Law,\u201d Orlando Sentinel, October 6, 2017, available at <http:\/\/www.orlandosentinel.com\/health\/addiction-recovery\/os-prosecuting-fentanyl-overdoses-as-murders-20170926-story.html> (last visited April 25, 2018); E. Brico, \u201cI Nearly Died of a Drug Overdose: Would That Make My Dealer a Murderer?\u201d Politico, January 25, 2018, available at <https:\/\/www.politico. com\/magazine\/story\/2018\/01\/25\/drug-induced-homicide-laws-former-heroin-addict-216507> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib72","unstructured":"72. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6643e1"},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib3","unstructured":"3. Drug Enforcement Administration [DEA], Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, Fentanyl, December 2016, available at <https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drug_chem_info\/fentanyl.pdf> (last visited April 23, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib9","unstructured":"9. Dodds, P. and Kinetz, E. , \u201cDeadly Drug Fentanyl Has Been Tested as Chemical Weapon by Military for Decades,\u201d Global News, October 8, 2016, available at <https:\/\/globalnews.ca\/news\/2991712\/deadly-drug-fentanyl-has-been-tested-as-chemical-weapon-by-military-for-decades\/> (last visited April 23, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib22","unstructured":"22. Presentation by AUSA Spector to \u201cLaw and the Opioid Crisis\u201d Seminar, Yale Law School, September 18, 2017."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib47","unstructured":"47. Doherty, Federal Efforts to Combat the Opioid Crisis, supra note 17, at 8."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib67","unstructured":"67. Hearing on Drug Trafficking and Security Standards Used by the U.S. Postal Service and Private Carriers Before the H. Subcomm. on Gov\u2019t Operations, 115th Cong. 3 (2017) (statement of Guy Cottrell, Chief Postal Inspector, United States Postal Inspection Service), available at <https:\/\/about.usps.com\/news\/testimony\/2017\/pr17_cpi0907.pdf> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib17","unstructured":"17. Federal Efforts to Combat the Opioid Crisis: A Status Update on CARA and Other Initiatives Before the H. Comm. on Energy & Commerce, 115th Cong. 4 (2017) (statement of Neil D. Doherty, Deputy Assistant Administrator, DEA), available at < https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/pr\/speeches-testimony\/2017t\/102517t.pdf> (last visited April 25, 2018) [hereinafter Doherty, Federal Efforts to Combat the Opioid Crisis]."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib27","unstructured":"27. Doherty, Federal Efforts to Combat the Opioid Crisis, supra note 17, at 3-4."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib23","unstructured":"23. Doherty, Federal Efforts to Combat the Opioid Crisis, supra note 17, at 2."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib33","unstructured":"33. Fentanyl: The Next Wave of the Opioid Crisis Before the H. Subcomm. on Oversight & Investigations, 115th Cong. 5 (2017) (statement of Louise D. Milione, Assistant Administrator, DEA), available at <https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/pr\/speeches-testimony\/2017t\/032117t.pdf> (last visited April 25, 2018) [hereinafter Milione, The Next Wave of the Opioid Crisis]."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib79","first-page":"1141","article-title":"\u201cCapital Punishment of Unintentional Felony Murder,\u201d","volume":"92","author":"Binder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Notre Dame Law Review"},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib63","unstructured":"63. Id at 8."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib38","unstructured":"38. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib48","unstructured":"48. DEA, Public Affairs, \u201cDEA Schedules Deadly Synthetic Drug U-47700,\u201d November 10, 2016, available at <https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/divisions\/hq\/2016\/hq111016.shtml> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib61","unstructured":"61. USSC, Public Hearing on Fentanyl, Fentanyl Analogues, and Synthetic Cannabinoids: Testimony of Robert E. Perez, Acting Executive Assistant Commissioner, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, December 5, 2017, at 1, available at <https:\/\/www.ussc.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/amendment-process\/public-hearings-and-meetings\/20171205\/Perez.pdf> (last visited April 25, 2018) [hereinafter USSC Perez Testimony]."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib39","unstructured":"39. Milione, Fentanyl: The Next Wave of the Opioid Crisis, supra note 33, at 3."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib60","unstructured":"60. O\u2019Connor, S. , \u201cFentanyl: China\u2019s Deadly Export to the United States,\u201d U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, February 1, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.uscc.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/Research\/USCC%20Staff%20Report_Fentanyl-China%E2%80%99s%20Deadly%20Export%20to%20the%20United%20States020117.pdf> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib5","unstructured":"5. Rosenberg, C. , Former Acting Administrator, DEA, keynote address of The Opioid Crisis in Connecticut Conference, Yale Law School, September 29, 2017 [hereinafter Rosenberg Keynote]."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib6","unstructured":"6. Id.; see also Stop the Importation and Trafficking of Synthetic Analogues Act of 2017 Before the H. Subcomm. on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security & Investigations, 115th Cong. 9 (2017) (statement of Demetra Ashley, Deputy Assistant Administrator, DEA), available at <https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/pr\/speeches-testimony\/2017t\/062717t.pdf> (last visited April 23, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib24","unstructured":"24. DEA, Fentanyl: A Briefing Guide for First Responders, supra note 10; see also USSC, Public Hearing on Fentanyl, Fentanyl Analogues, and Synthetic Cannabinoids: Testimony of Joseph J. Schleigh, Acting Section Chief, Synthetic Drugs & Chemicals Section, DEA, December 5, 2017, at 3, available at <https:\/\/www.ussc.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/amendment-process\/public-hearings-and-meetings\/20171205\/Schleigh.pdf> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib42","unstructured":"42. USAO-CT, \u201cWest Hartford Man Admits Importing Pill Press from China to Make Fake Oxycodone Pills Containing Heroin,\u201d August 30, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/usao-ct\/pr\/west-hartford-man-admits-importing-pill-press-china-make-fake-oxycodone-pills-containing> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib26","unstructured":"26. \u201cDrug Wizard of Wichita,\u201d Newsweek, June 20, 1993, available at <http:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/drug-wizard-wichita-193682> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib65","unstructured":"65. Portman, R. , United States Senator for Ohio, Press Releases, \u201cPortman, Klobuchar, Rubio, Hassan Introduce Legislation to Address Overdose Spike From Synthetic Opioids,\u201d November 14, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.portman.senate.gov\/public\/index.cfm\/2017\/2\/portman-klobuchar-rubio-hassan-introduce-legislation-to-address-overdose-spike-from-synthetic-opioids> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib29","unstructured":"29. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib15","unstructured":"15. Office of the Chief Medical Examiner [OCME], Connecticut Accidental Drug Intoxication Deaths, March 1, 2018, available at <http:\/\/www.ct.gov\/ocme\/lib\/ocme\/AccidentalDrugIntoxication2012-2017.pdf> (last visited May 19, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib20","unstructured":"20. DEA, Drugs of Abuse: A DEA Resource Guide (2017 edition), at 40-42, available at <https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/pr\/multimedia-library\/publications\/drug_of_abuse.pdf> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib21","unstructured":"21. Personal communication from AUSA Spector to author (RLR) (November 10, 2017). Note that these are rough averages."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib69","unstructured":"69. Perez Statement, supra note 35."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib54","unstructured":"54. 21 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 802(32), 813 (2012)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib49","unstructured":"49. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, \u201cDepartment of Justice Announces Significant Tool in Prosecuting Opioid Traffickers in Emergency Scheduling of All Fentanyls,\u201d November 9, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/department-justice-announces-significant-tool-prosecuting-opioid-traffickers-emergency> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib55","unstructured":"55. USSC, Proposed Amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines 16-18, January 26, 2018, available at <https:\/\/www.ussc.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/amendment-process\/reader-friendly-amendments\/20180125_rf_proposed.pdf> (last visited April 25, 2018); see also USSC, Synthetic Drugs Data Briefing, January 31, 2018, available at <https:\/\/www.ussc.gov\/education\/videos\/synthetic-drugs-data-briefing> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib2","unstructured":"2. \u201cPrince Probe Focuses on Doctors, Black Market Drugs,\u201d Chicago Tribune, October 3, 2016, available at <http:\/\/www.chicagotribune.com\/entertainment\/music\/ct-prince-death-investigation-20161003-story.html> (last visited April 23, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib35","unstructured":"35. Stopping the Shipment of Synthetic Opioids: Oversight of U.S. Strategy to Combat Illicit Drugs Before S. Subcomm. on Investigations, 115th Cong. (statement of Robert Perez, Customs and Border Protection, Executive Assistant Comm\u2019r for Operations Support), available at <https:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/news\/2017\/05\/25\/written-testimony-cbp-senate-homeland-security-and-governmental-affairs-permanent> (last visited April 25, 2018) [hereinafter Perez Statement]."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib1","unstructured":"1. Whalen, J. , \u201cFentanyl Fueled 21% Jump in Total Drug-Overdose Deaths in Year,\u201d Wall Street Journal, October 26, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/fentanyl-fueled-21-jump-in-total-drug-overdose-deaths-in-year-1509048073> (last visited April 23, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib8","unstructured":"8. Rosenberg Keynote, supra note 5."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib30","unstructured":"30. U.S. Attorney\u2019s Office for the District of Connecticut [USAOCT], \u201cMassive Joint Law Enforcement Operation Dismantles Southeastern Connecticut Heroin And Cocaine Rings,\u201d April 3, 2013, available at <https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/usao-ct\/pr\/massive-joint-law-enforcement-operation-dismantles-southeastern-connecticut-heroin-and> (last visited April 25, 2018); USAO-CT, \u201cDEA Task Force Investigation Dismantles Hartford-Based Heroin and Fentanyl Distribution Ring,\u201d June 29, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/usao-ct\/pr\/dea-task-force-investigation-dismantles-hartford-based-heroin-and-fentanyl-distribution> (last visited April 25, 2018); USAO-CT, \u201cDEA Task Force Takes Down Fentanyl Distribution Ring,\u201d May 19, 2016, available at <https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/usao-ct\/pr\/dea-task-force-takes-down-fentanyl-distribution-ring> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib32","unstructured":"32. Fry, E. , \u201cFeds: California Man Arranged Massive Fentanyl Shipment Seized In Derby,\u201d Valley Independent Sentinel, September 28, 2017, available at <http:\/\/valley.newhavenindependent.org\/archives\/entry\/feds_california_man_arranged_massive_fentanyl_shipment_seized_in_derby\/> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib50","unstructured":"50. Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Fentanyl-Related Substances in Schedule I, 83 Fed. Reg. 5188 (Feb. 6, 2018) (to be codified at 21 C.F.R. pt. 1308), available at <https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/fed_regs\/rules\/2018\/fr0206_4.htm> (last visited April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib52","unstructured":"52. 21 U.S.C. \u00a7 813 (2012)."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib40","unstructured":"40. DOJ, DAG Rod Rosenstein, J. , \u201cRemarks on Enforcement Actions to Stop Deadly Fentanyl and Other Opiate Substances from Entering the United States,\u201d October 17, 2017, available at <https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/speech\/deputy-attorney-general-rod-j-rosenstein-delivers-remarks-enforcement-actions-stop-deadly> (last visited April 25, 2018) [hereinafter Rosenstein, \u201cRemarks on Enforcement Actions\u201d]."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/oalib.1103492"},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib71","unstructured":"71. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500025377_bib36","unstructured":"36. Personal communication from AUSA Spector to author (RLR) (November 29, 2017); id. (August 29, 2017); see also Plea Agreement at 10, USA v. Cirino, No. 3:17-cr-00250-JCH (D. Conn. Nov. 16, 2017); \u201cHamden Man Distributed Fentanyl Disguised as Oxycodone,\u201d New Haven Register, November 17, 2017, available at <http:\/\/www.nhregister.com\/news\/article\/Hamden-man-distributed-fentanyl-disguised-as-12363856.php> (last visited April 25, 2018)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1073110518782937","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1073110518782937","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1073110500025377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T16:44:35Z","timestamp":1610642675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1073110500025377\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"alternative-id":["S1073110500025377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073110518782937","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1105","1748-720X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-720X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}