{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:36:41Z","timestamp":1760647001434},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":731,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The traditional living donor was very healthy. However, as the supply-demand gap continues to expand, transplant programs have become more accepting of less healthy donors. This paper focuses on the other extreme, asking whether and when individuals who have life-limiting conditions (LLC) should be considered for living organ donation. We discuss ethical issues raised by 1) donation by individuals with progressive severe debilitating disease for whom there is no ameliorative therapy; and 2) donation by individuals who are imminently dying or would die by the donation process itself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110519840490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T10:23:52Z","timestamp":1555496632000},"page":"112-122","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Living Donation by Individuals with Life-Limiting Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Lainie Friedman","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Richard","family":"Thistlethwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib14","first-page":"G1","volume-title":"Ethical and Policy Issues in Research Involving Human Participants Volume II Commissioned Papers and Staff Analysis","author":"Kipnis","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib43","unstructured":"43. See, Arnold and Youngner, supra note 33, 271."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib51","unstructured":"51. See Gill, supra note 49; and Stienstra and Chochinov, supra note 49."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib24","first-page":"15198","article-title":"\u201cPart II. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 42 CFR Parts 405, 482, 488, and 498 Medicare Program; Hospital Conditions of Participation: Requirements for Approval and Re-Approval of Transplant Centers to Perform Organ Transplants; Final Rule. Rules and Regulations,\u201d","volume":"72","year":"2007","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib57","unstructured":"57. Arnold and Youngner, supra note 33, 264 and 265."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000281"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib47","first-page":"471","article-title":"\u201cOrgan Donation by Incompetent Patients,\u201d","author":"Nygren","year":"2006","journal-title":"University of Chicago Legal Forum"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180117000433"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib32","first-page":"146","article-title":"\u201cBrain Death, Cardiac Death, and the Dead Donor Rule,\u201d","volume":"107","author":"Sade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib37","unstructured":"37. Id., 2."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.21.2.91"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2018-104762"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib52","unstructured":"52. See Miller and Truog, supra note 46, 144-147."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib44","unstructured":"44. See Boulton, supra note 41, 1."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2012.671886"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/152692480901900109"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib19","unstructured":"19. See Rakk\u00e9 et al., \u201cSeriously ill patients,\u201d supra note 2."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib3","unstructured":"3. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib45","unstructured":"45. See Boulton, supra note 41, 2."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14524"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/inst.201316259"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199508270-00003"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2012.671895"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000958"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib13","volume-title":"The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research","year":"1978"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.0.0153"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3562216"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399339409516131"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib50","volume-title":"Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals","author":"Kant","year":"1785"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib38","unstructured":"38. While not mentioned by Morrissey, it is clear that if the patient dies quickly enough after treatment is withdrawn, that he would support the family's authorization to return the person to the operating room for DCD procurement of other organs."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1073-4449(98)70002-0"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib8","unstructured":"8. Mezrich, J. and Scalea, J. , \u201cAs They Lay Dying,\u201d The Atlantic, April 2015, available at <http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/archive\/2015\/04\/as-they-lay-dying\/386273\/> (last visited January 23, 2019)."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib26","unstructured":"26. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.583","article-title":"\u201cAbandonment at the End of Life from Patient and Clinician Perspectives: Loss of Continuity and Lack of Closure,\u201d","volume":"169","author":"Back","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib28","unstructured":"28. Rakk\u00e9 et al., \u201cSeriously Ill Patients,\u201d supra note 2 at 234."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib53","unstructured":"53. See Kant, supra note 50."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib25","unstructured":"25. Mezrich and Scalea, \u201cLay Dying,\u201d supra note 8."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02548.x"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib55","unstructured":"55. See, Veatch and Ross, supra note 34, 76-78."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib6","unstructured":"6. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2012.671894"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib48","unstructured":"48. See, National Commission, supra note 13."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib5","unstructured":"5. Id., 233"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002196577301600203"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib17","unstructured":"17. See Mandelbrot et al., supra note 1."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib10","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Ethics in Medical Progress: With Special Reference to Transplantation","author":"Murray"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib4","unstructured":"4. Id., 234."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib36","unstructured":"36. Id., 1."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363459313501358"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib9","unstructured":"9. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib30","unstructured":"30. National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, Uniform Determination of Death Act, Drafted July-August 1980, approved by the American Medical Association October 19, 1980, Approved by the American Bar Association February 10, 1981, adopted by the states throughout 1981, available at <http:\/\/people.bu.edu\/wwildman\/courses\/thth\/projects\/thth_projects_2003_lewis\/udda.pdf> (last visited January 24, 2019)."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib42","unstructured":"42. Id, 1."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib34","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Defining Death: The Case for Choice","author":"Veatch","year":"2016"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib7","unstructured":"7. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib46","volume-title":"Death, Dying and Organ Transplantation: Reconstructing Medical Ethics at the End of Life","author":"Miller","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib41","unstructured":"41. Boulton, L. on behalf of the OPTN\/UNOS Ethics Committee, \u201cEthical Considerations of Imminent Death Donation,\u201d 2016, 1, available at <https:\/\/optn.transplant.hrsa.gov\/media\/1918\/ethics_ethical_implications_of_idd_20160815.pdf> (last visited January 24, 2019)."},{"key":"S1073110500021902_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/082585970602200309"}],"container-title":["Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1073110519840490","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1073110519840490","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1073110500021902","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T14:03:39Z","timestamp":1610633019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1073110500021902\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"alternative-id":["S1073110500021902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073110519840490","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1105","1748-720X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-720X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}}}