{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:29:39Z","timestamp":1792553379908,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Overdose deaths involving prescription opioids killed more than 17,000 Americans in 2017, marking a five-fold increase since 1999. High prescribing rates of opioid analgesics have been a substantial contributor to prescription opioid misuse, dependence, overdose and heroin use. There was recognition approximately ten years ago that opioid prescribing patterns were contributing to this startling increase in negative opioid-related outcomes, and federal actions, including Medicare reimbursement reform and regulatory actions, were initiated to restrict opioid prescribing. The current manuscript is a description of those actions, the effect of those actions on opioid prescribing and related patient outcomes. We also describe our proposal of methods of expanding these efforts as an important piece to further reduce opioid-related misuse, dependence, and overdose death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110520935336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T04:57:54Z","timestamp":1594097874000},"page":"249-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An Effective Intervention: Limiting Opioid Prescribing as a Means of Reducing Opioid Analgesic Misuse, and Overdose Deaths"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Brandi C.","family":"Fink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Uyttebrouck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib40","first-page":"569","article-title":"\u201cDecline in Drug Overdose Deaths after State Policy Changes \u2014 Florida, 2010-2012,\u201d","volume":"63","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morbitity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib25","first-page":"1487","article-title":"\u201cVital Signs: Overdoses of Prescription Opioid Pain Relievers \u2014 United States, 1999-2008,\u201d","volume":"60","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morbitity Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0719-8"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib48","unstructured":"48. See Kosten, supra note 47."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib77","unstructured":"77. Supra note 17."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib30","volume-title":"\u201cFDA Analysis of Long-Term Trends in Prescription Opioid Analgesic Products: Quantity, Sales, and Price Trends,\u201d","year":"2018"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib72","unstructured":"72. Supra note 19."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0130"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib81","unstructured":"81. Supra note 23."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib34","first-page":"399","article-title":"\u201cEffect of US Drug Enforcement Administration's Rescheduling of Hydrocodone Combination Analgesic Products on Opioid Analgesic Prescribing,\u201d","volume":"176","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association: Internal Medicine"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib83","unstructured":"83. Supra note 35."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib10","volume-title":"FDA Analysis of Long-Term Trends in Prescription Opioid Analgesic Products: Quantity, Sales, and Price Trends","author":"DiBonaventura","year":"2018"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304142"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib56","unstructured":"56. See CDC, supra note 3."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1073110500026334_bib7.1","unstructured":"7. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), \"Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health,\" (2018)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1073110500026334_bib7.2","unstructured":"HHS Publication No. SMA 18-5068 NSDUG Series H-53, available at <https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data> (last visited April 6, 2020)."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjq.2018.07.003"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201700562"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib16","first-page":"e170504","article-title":"\u201cNew Persistent Opioid Use after Minor and Major Surgical Procedures in US Adults,\u201d","volume":"152","author":"Brummett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association: Surgery"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib27","unstructured":"27. Muhuri, P. K. , Gfroerer, J. C. , and Davies, M. C. , \u201cAssciations of Nonmedical Pain Reliever Use and Initiation of Heroin Use in the United States,\u201d Centers for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality Data Review (2013) 1-17, available at <http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/2k13\/DataReview\/DR006\/nonmedical-pain-reliever-use-2013.pdf> (Last visited April 6, 2020)."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib14","unstructured":"14. See Bicket, supra note 12."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib60","unstructured":"60. Muhuri, P. K. , Gfroerer, J. C. , and Davies, M. , \u201cAssciations of Nonmedical Pain Reliever Use and Initiation of Heroin Use in the United States,\u201d CBHSQ Data Review (2013), available at <http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/2k13\/DataReview\/DR006\/nonmedical-pain-reliever-use-2013.pdf> (last visited April 8, 2020)."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib84","unstructured":"84. Supra note 20."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib31","unstructured":"31. See CDC, supra note 3."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.04.012"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.04.007"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib76","unstructured":"76. Supra note 18."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.001"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2018.06.057"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2017.10.023"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib8","unstructured":"8. See SAMHSA, supra note 7."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1713159"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib23","unstructured":"23. See Dowell, supra note 19."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjq.2018.07.003"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib5","unstructured":"5. See CDC, supra note 3."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib64","first-page":"190","article-title":"\u201cInterventions to Improve Antibiotic Prescribing Practices for Hospital Inpatients,\u201d","volume":"4","author":"Davey","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-1823","article-title":"\u201cMedicare Formulary Coverage Restrictions for Prescription Opioids, 2006 to 2015,\u201d","volume":"167","author":"Samuels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib4","unstructured":"4. See CDC, supra note 3."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib70","unstructured":"70. Supra note 17."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib49","volume-title":"\u201cFDA Analysis of Long-Term Trends in Prescription Opioid Analgesic Products: Quantity, Sales, and Price Trends,\u201d","year":"2018"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib29","unstructured":"29. See Compton, supra note 26."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1507771"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib28","unstructured":"28. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), \u201cKey Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health,\u201d (2018), HHS Publication No. SMA 18-5068 NSDUG Series H-53, available at <https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data> (Last visted April 5, 2020)."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.011"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib15","unstructured":"15. See SAMHSA, supra note 7."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib79","unstructured":"79. Supra note 25."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.100892"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib35","unstructured":"35. See Jones, supra note 33."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib75","unstructured":"75. Supra note 17."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib37","unstructured":"37. FDA, Oxymorphone (marketed as Opana ER) Information, (2017), available at <https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Drugs\/DrugSafety\/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders\/ucm562339.htm> (last visited April 5, 2020)."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib74","unstructured":"74. Supra note 25."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib63","volume-title":"Opioids for Persistent Pain: Good Practice: A Consensus Statement Prepared on Behalf of the British Pain Society, the Faculty of Pain Medicine of the Royal College of Anaesthetists, the Royal College of General Practitioners and the Faculty of Addictions","author":"Chou","year":"2010"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1508490"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib42","unstructured":"42. Prescribing Policies: States Confront Opioid Overdose Epidemic, (2017), available at <http:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/Portals\/1\/Documents\/Health\/prescribingOpioids_final01-web.pdf> (last visited April 5, 2020)."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.12.003","article-title":"\u201cMultiple Injections Per Injection Episode: High-Risk Injection Practice Among People who Injected Pills During the 2015 HIV Outbreak in Indiana,\u201d","volume":"52","author":"Broz","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal on Drug Policy"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib22","unstructured":"22. See Shah, supra note 20."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib71","unstructured":"71. Supra note 35."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.02.031"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib67","unstructured":"67. See CDC, supra note 3."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib73","unstructured":"73. Supra note 24."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.370"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib80","unstructured":"80. Supra note 18."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib33","volume-title":"\u201cFDA Analysis of Long-Term Trends in Prescription Opioid Analgesic Products: Quantity, Sales, and Price Trends,\u201d","year":"2018"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib66","unstructured":"66. See SAMHSA, supra note 28."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib43","unstructured":"43. See Prescribing Policies, id."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib51","unstructured":"51. See SAMHSA, supra note 28."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib78","unstructured":"78. Supra note 24."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.12.045"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib36","unstructured":"36. Drug Enforcement Agency, \u201cDEA Reduces Amount of Opioid Controlled Substances to be Manufactured in 2017,\u201d (2016), available at <https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/press-releases\/2016\/10\/04\/dea-reduces-amount-opioid-controlled-substances-be-manufactured-2017> (last visited April 5, 2020)."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.04.017"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib69","unstructured":"69. Supra note 23."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib85","unstructured":"85. Supra note 17."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib6","first-page":"574","article-title":"\u201cCounty-Level Opioid Prescribing in the United States, 2015 and 2017,\u201d","volume":"179","author":"Guy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association: Internal Medicine"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303568"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib12","first-page":"1066","article-title":"\u201cPrescription Opioid Analgesics Commonly Unused After Surgery: A Systematic Review,\u201d","volume":"152","author":"Bicket","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association: Surgery"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib9","unstructured":"9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Opioid Prescribing Rate Maps (2019), available at <https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/maps\/rxrate-maps.html> (2019) (last visited April 3, 2020)."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110518782946"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib21","unstructured":"21. See Shah, supra note 20."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2014.03.004"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6610a1"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1364"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib50","unstructured":"50. See FDA, supra note 49."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib82","unstructured":"82. Supra note 22."},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0130"},{"key":"S1073110500026334_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1635973"}],"container-title":["Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1073110520935336","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1073110520935336","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1073110500026334","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T12:10:52Z","timestamp":1610626252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1073110500026334\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"alternative-id":["S1073110500026334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073110520935336","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1105","1748-720X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-720X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}