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Using a mixed-gender sample of 360 undergraduates, the factor structure of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory\u2014Revised was examined using confirmatory factor analysis and multiple group analysis. One-, two-, and three-factor models were tested and compared with each other. When males and females were combined, none of the three models provided adequate fit to the data. Multiple group analyses revealed partial invariance across gender for all three models. Model comparison criteria supported use of both the one- and two-factor models, taking into account variable factor structure across gender. The importance of considering structural differences based on biological sex when assessing psychopathic traits is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191111403243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,13]],"date-time":"2011-04-13T20:36:25Z","timestamp":1302726985000},"page":"340-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Examining the Impact of Gender on the Factor Structure of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory\u2014Revised"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Joye C.","family":"Anestis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly M.","family":"Caron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA, Medical College of Georgia in Augusta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce L.","family":"Carbonell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.1959.9710204"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.4.545"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000045338.30129.17"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.15.3.340"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00353.x"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.16.2.155"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191108319043"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA8002_05"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Studies in Machiavellienism","author":"Christie, R.","year":"1969"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"The mask of sanity","author":"Cleckley, H.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.1.131"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.3.301"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0044749"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.4.701"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised manual","author":"Hare, R.D.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised manual","author":"Hare, R.D.","year":"2003","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.2.3.338"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009385402237922"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.104.9.523"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline, R.B.","year":"2005","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(94)90046-9"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6603_3"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised: Professional manual","author":"Lilienfeld, S.O.","year":"2005"},{"key":"atypb27","volume-title":"Must you conform?","author":"Lindner, R.M.","year":"1956"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0047232"},{"key":"atypb29","first-page":"20","volume":"16","author":"Lykken, D.T.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychology Today"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA730108"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.113.4.626"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(84)90026-6"},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n, L.K.","year":"1998","edition":"5"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.20.2.169"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.18.2.204"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.122.2.180"},{"key":"atypb37","unstructured":"Raftery, A.E. 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