{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:24:00Z","timestamp":1777440240665,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568332800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shire Human Genetic Therapies, a Takeda company"},{"name":"Shire International GmbH, a Takeda company"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Assessment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A limitation of norm-based ability test scores is that they can only be used to evaluate relative change (compared with change in the norm sample), as opposed to absolute (raw) change in performance from Time 1 to Time 2. To address this limitation, a novel method (Projected Retained Ability Score [PRAS]) was developed to characterize absolute change in norm-based ability test scores. The PRAS method was applied to Differential Ability Scales\u00ae\u2013Second Edition (DAS-II) General Conceptual Ability (GCA) scores in three cases of children with the neurodegenerative condition mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) who were assessed at two visits, 16 to 23 months apart. Although all three cases showed declines in norm-based GCA scores, the PRAS method revealed differences in absolute change in performance. The PRAS method allows for differentiation of slower-than-average improvement or stabilization versus deterioration of cognitive ability when norm-based scores decline from Time 1 to Time 2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191119872250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T08:17:37Z","timestamp":1568362657000},"page":"367-379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Projected Retained Ability Score (PRAS): A New Methodology for Quantifying Absolute Change in Norm-Based Psychological Test Scores Over Time"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"William G.","family":"Kronenberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shire, a Takeda company, Lexington, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen S.","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shire, a Takeda company, Lexington, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1073191119872250","volume-title":"Psychological testing","author":"Anastasi A.","year":"1988","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr2-1073191119872250","volume-title":"Bayley scales of infant and toddler development","author":"Bayley N.","year":"2006","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr3-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acx028"},{"key":"bibr4-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.09.038"},{"key":"bibr5-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-012-1703-y"},{"key":"bibr6-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.04.052"},{"key":"bibr7-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh602"},{"key":"bibr8-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acr120"},{"key":"bibr9-1073191119872250","volume-title":"Differential Ability Scales","author":"Elliott C. D.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr10-1073191119872250","volume-title":"Differential Ability Scales\u00ae (DAS)\u2013Second edition: Normative data tables manual","author":"Elliott C. D.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr11-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enq001"},{"key":"bibr12-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2032"},{"key":"bibr13-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-017-9220-y"},{"key":"bibr14-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-015-0259-0"},{"key":"bibr15-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02207325"},{"key":"bibr16-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1274"},{"key":"bibr17-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/16.2.183"},{"key":"bibr18-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2017.05.005"},{"key":"bibr19-1073191119872250","volume-title":"Assessing adolescent and adult intelligence","author":"Kaufman A.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr20-1073191119872250","volume-title":"Kaufman Assessment Battery for children","author":"Kaufman A.","year":"2004","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr21-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/or.2010.e16"},{"key":"bibr22-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00745.x"},{"key":"bibr23-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2017.12.262"},{"key":"bibr24-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2015.36"},{"key":"bibr25-1073191119872250","volume-title":"Mullen scales of early learning","author":"Mullen E.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr26-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x"},{"key":"bibr27-1073191119872250","first-page":"475","volume-title":"Handbook of psychological and educational assessment in children: Intelligence, aptitude, and achievement","author":"Reynolds C. R.","year":"2003","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr28-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/61.3.P144"},{"key":"bibr29-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-6-72"},{"key":"bibr30-1073191119872250","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson IV tests of cognitive abilities","author":"Schrank F. A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr31-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00283-5"},{"key":"bibr32-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2017.09.007"},{"key":"bibr33-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2013.06.007"},{"key":"bibr34-1073191119872250","volume-title":"Developmental assessment of young children examiner\u2019s manual","author":"Voress J. K.","year":"2013","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr35-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617707070841"},{"key":"bibr36-1073191119872250","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u00ae\u2013Fifth edition (WISC\u00ae-V): Technical and interpretive manual","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr37-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8201_10"},{"key":"bibr38-1073191119872250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2017.12.419"}],"container-title":["Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1073191119872250","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1073191119872250","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1073191119872250","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:10:52Z","timestamp":1777378252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1073191119872250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1073191119872250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191119872250","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1911","1552-3489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1911","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]]}}}