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Factor structures were developed and compared in 1,011 patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI; i.e., Glasgow Coma Scale score 13-15) from the Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in TBI study, using RPQ data collected at 2 weeks, and 3, 6, and 12 months postinjury. A bifactor model specifying a general factor and emotional, cognitive, and visual symptom factors best represented the latent structure of the RPQ. The model evinced strict measurement invariance over time and across sex, age, race, psychiatric history, and mTBI severity groups, indicating that differences in symptom endorsement were completely accounted for by these latent dimensions. While highly unidimensional, the RPQ has multidimensional features observable through a bifactor model, which may help differentiate symptom expression patterns in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191120913941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T04:13:05Z","timestamp":1587701585000},"page":"1656-1670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Invariance of the Bifactor Structure of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Symptoms on the Rivermead Postconcussion Symptoms Questionnaire Across Time, Demographic Characteristics, and Clinical Groups: A TRACK-TBI Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1188-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Agtarap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Campbell-Sills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Yuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pratik","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey T.","family":"Manley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"McCrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sureyya","family":"Dikmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph T.","family":"Giacino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murray B.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsay D.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Opeolu","family":"Adeoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Badjatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Boase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yelena","family":"Bodien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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