{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:25:16Z","timestamp":1777440316225,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]],"date-time":"2020-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH101163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH101163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Assessment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hoarding disorder (HD) is a new psychiatric diagnosis in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\u2013Fifth edition and preliminary evidence suggests that cognitive-behavioral treatments are effective in treating this condition. However, it has been demonstrated that individuals with HD generally display poor compliance during treatment, which may lead to poor outcomes. Treatment compliance can be conceptualized as either within-session or between-session compliance, but currently there are no validated measures of within-session or between-session compliance specifically for HD. The aim of this study was to provide an initial validation of the CBT Compliance Measure and the Patient Exposure\/Response Prevention Adherence Scale for Hoarding in a sample of participants with HD who were undergoing group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for HD ( N = 70). Both measures, which were administered at each relevant treatment session, demonstrated a unidimensional structure, good reliability, as well as predictive validity, and are thus promising in the measurement of within-session and between-session compliance with CBT for HD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191120918024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]],"date-time":"2020-05-02T08:45:51Z","timestamp":1588409151000},"page":"1694-1707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Measuring Within-Session and Between-Session Compliance in Hoarding Disorder: A Preliminary Investigation of the Psychometric Properties of the CBT Compliance Measure (CCM) and Patient Exposure\/Response Prevention Adherence Scale for Hoarding (PEAS-H)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9036-0699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethany M.","family":"Wootton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura B.","family":"Bragdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA"},{"name":"Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blaise L.","family":"Worden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gretchen J.","family":"Diefenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA"},{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA"},{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Tolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA"},{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Addis M. E., Jacobson N. S. (2000). A closer look at the treatment rationale and homework compliance in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(3), 313-326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1005563304265","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005563304265"},{"key":"bibr2-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr3-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antony M. M., Cox B. J., Enns M. W., Bieling P. J., Swinson R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176-181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1040-3590.10.2.176"},{"key":"bibr4-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arendt K., Thastum M., Hougaard E. (2016). Homework adherence and cognitive behaviour treatment outcome for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44(2), 225-235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1352465815000429","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465815000429"},{"key":"bibr5-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayers C. R., Wetherell J. L., Golshan S., Saxena S. (2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for geriatric compulsive hoarding. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(10), 689-694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2011.07.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.07.002"},{"key":"bibr6-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0998-66"},{"key":"bibr7-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns D. D., Spangler D. L. (2000). Does psychotherapy homework lead to improvements in depression in cognitive-behavioral therapy or does improvement lead to increased homework compliance? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 46-56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0022-006X.68.1.46","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006X.68.1.46"},{"key":"bibr8-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2018.05.010"},{"key":"bibr9-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontenelle I. S., Prazeres A. M., Rang\u00e9 B. P., Versiani M., Borges M. C., Fontenelle L. F. (2010). The Brazilian Portuguese Version of the Saving Inventory\u2013Revised: Internal consistency test-retest reliability, and validity of a questionnaire to assess hoarding. Psychological Reports, 106(1), 279-296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/PR0.106.1.279-296","DOI":"10.2466\/PR0.106.1.279-296"},{"key":"bibr10-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frost R. O., Pekareva-Kochergina A., Maxner S. (2011). The effectiveness of a biblio-based support group for hoarding disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(10), 628-634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2011.06.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.06.010"},{"key":"bibr11-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frost R. O., Rosenfield E., Steketee G., Tolin D. F. (2013). An examination of excessive acquisition in hoarding disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2(3), 338-345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocrd.2013.06.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2013.06.001"},{"key":"bibr12-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frost R. O., Steketee G., Grisham J. (2004). Measurement of compulsive hoarding: Saving Inventory-Revised. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(10), 1163-1182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2003.07.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.07.006"},{"key":"bibr13-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frost R. O., Steketee G., Tolin D. F. (2011). Comorbidity in hoarding disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 28(10), 876-884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.20861","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20861"},{"key":"bibr14-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glenn D., Golinelli D., Rose R. D., Roy-Byrne P., Stein M. B., Sullivan G., Bystritksy A., Sherbourne C., Craske M. G. (2013). Who gets the most out of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders? The role of treatment dose and patient engagement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(4), 639-649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0033403","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033403"},{"key":"bibr15-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gratz K. L., Roemer L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94"},{"key":"bibr16-1073191120918024","volume-title":"ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology","author":"Guy W.","year":"1976"},{"key":"bibr17-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hara K. M., Aviram A., Constantino M. J., Westra H. A., Antony M. M. (2017). Therapist empathy, homework compliance, and outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Partitioning within- and between-therapist effects. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46(5), 375-390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16506073.2016.1253605","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2016.1253605"},{"key":"bibr18-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartl T. L., Duffany S. R., Allen G. J., Steketee G., Frost R. O. (2005). Relationships among compulsive hoarding, trauma, and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(2), 269-276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2004.02.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.02.002"},{"key":"bibr19-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu L. T., Bentler P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"bibr20-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanov V. Z., Enander J., Mataix-Cols D., Serlachius E., M\u00e5nsson K. N. T., Andersson G., Flygare O., Tolin D., R\u00fcck C. (2018). Enhancing group cognitive-behavioral therapy for hoarding disorder with between-session Internet-based clinician support: A feasibility study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(7), 1092-1105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.22589","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22589"},{"key":"bibr21-1073191120918024","unstructured":"Kornblith S.J. (2000). The therapist compliance checklist. Unpublished material. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA."},{"key":"bibr22-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeBeau R. T., Davies C. D., Culver N. C., Craske M. G. (2013). Homework compliance counts in cognitive-behavioral therapy. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42(3), 171-179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16506073.2013.763286","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2013.763286"},{"key":"bibr23-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung A. W., Heimberg R. G. (1996). Homework compliance, perceptions of control, and outcome of cognitive-behavioral treatment of social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(5-6), 423-432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00014-9","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00014-9"},{"key":"bibr24-1073191120918024","volume-title":"Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales","author":"Lovibond S. H.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr25-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan J., Caporino N. E., de Nadai A. S., Truax T., Lewin A. B., Jung L., Park J. M., Khan Y. A., Murphy T. K., Storch E. A. (2013). Preliminary predictors of within-session adherence to exposure and response prevention in pediatric obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Child & Youth Care Forum, 42(3), 181-191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10566-013-9196-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-013-9196-z"},{"key":"bibr26-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muroff J., Steketee G., Frost R. O., Tolin D. F. (2014). Cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder: Follow-up findings and predictors of outcome. Depression and Anxiety, 31(12), 964-971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22222","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22222"},{"key":"bibr27-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer\u2019s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instrumentation, & Computers, 32, 396-402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03200807","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200807"},{"key":"bibr28-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osborne T. L., Michonski J., Sayrs J., Welch S. S., Anderson L. K. (2017). Factor structure of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) in adult outpatients receiving dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 39, 355-371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-017-9586-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-017-9586-x"},{"key":"bibr29-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page A. C., Hooke G. R., Morrison D. L. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in depressed clinical samples. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(3), 283-297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466506X158996","DOI":"10.1348\/014466506X158996"},{"key":"bibr30-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rees C. S., McEvoy P., Nathan P. R. (2005). Relationship between homework completion and outcome in cognitive behaviour therapy. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 34(4), 242-247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16506070510011548","DOI":"10.1080\/16506070510011548"},{"key":"bibr31-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritschel L. A., Tone E. B., Schoemann A. M., Lim N. E. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale across demographic groups. Psychological Assessment, 27(3), 944-954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000099","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000099"},{"key":"bibr32-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson H. B., Maher M., Page J. R., Gibbons C. J., Franklin M. E., Foa E. B. (2010). Development of a Patient Adherence Scale for Exposure and Response Prevention Therapy. Behavior Therapy, 41(1), 30-37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beth.2008.12.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2008.12.002"},{"key":"bibr33-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson H. B., Maher M. J., Wang Y., Bao Y., Foa E. B., Franklin M. (2011). Patient adherence predicts outcome from cognitive behavioral therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(2), 247-252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0022659","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022659"},{"key":"bibr34-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson H. B., Marcus S. M., Zuckoff A., Franklin M., Foa E. B. (2012). Patient adherence to cognitive-behavioral therapy predicts long-term outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73(9), 1265-1266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.12l07879","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12l07879"},{"key":"bibr35-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steketee G., Frost R. O., Tolin D. F., Rasmussen J., Brown T. A. (2010). Waitlist-controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 27(5), 476-484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.20673","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20673"},{"key":"bibr36-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolin D. F., Frost R. O., Steketee G. (2007). An open trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for compulsive hoarding. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(7), 1461-1470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2007.01.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.01.001"},{"key":"bibr37-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolin D. F., Frost R. O., Steketee G. (2012). Working with hoarding vs. non-hoarding clients: A survey of professionals\u2019 attitudes and experiences. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 1(1), 48-53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocrd.2011.11.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2011.11.004"},{"key":"bibr38-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolin D. F., Frost R. O., Steketee G., Muroff J. (2015). Cognitive behavioral therapy for hoarding disorder: A meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 32(3), 158-166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22327","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22327"},{"key":"bibr39-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolin D. F., Gilliam C., Wootton B. M., Bowe W., Bragdon L. B., Davis E., Hannan S. E., Steinman S. A., Worden B., Hallion L. S. (2018). Psychometric properties of a structured diagnostic interview for\n                      DSM-5\n                      anxiety, mood, and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Assessment, 25(1), 3-13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191116638410","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116638410"},{"key":"bibr40-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolin D. F., Gilliam C. M., Davis E., Springer K., Levy H. C., Frost R. O., Steketee G., Stevens M. C. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Hoarding Rating Scale-Interview. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 16(January), 76-80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocrd.2018.01.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2018.01.003"},{"key":"bibr41-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolin D. F., Wootton B. M., Levy H. C., Hallion L. S., Worden B. L., Diefenbach G. J., Jaccard J., Stevens M. C. (2019). Efficacy and mediators of a group cognitive-behavioral therapy for hoarding disorder: A randomized trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(7), 590-602.","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000405"},{"key":"bibr42-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119159278"},{"key":"bibr43-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent N. K., Hameed H. (2003). Relation between adherence and outcome in the group treatment of insomnia. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 1(3), 125-139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15402010BSM0103_1","DOI":"10.1207\/S15402010BSM0103_1"},{"key":"bibr44-1073191120918024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wootton B. M., Diefenbach G. J., Bragdon L. B., Steketee G., Frost R. O., Tolin D. F. (2015). A contemporary psychometric evaluation of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R). Psychological Assessment, 27(3), 874-882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000075","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000075"}],"container-title":["Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1073191120918024","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1073191120918024","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1073191120918024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:11:07Z","timestamp":1777378267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1073191120918024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1073191120918024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191120918024","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1911","1552-3489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1911","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]]}}}