{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:41:33Z","timestamp":1793392893622,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597881600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSC201808440626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSC201808440626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"national natural science foundation of china","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31400904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31400904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Assessment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD) Scale is a new measure to assess psychopathic traits and symptoms of conduct disorder (CD) in children and adolescents. The current study examined the psychometric properties of the self-report version of the PSCD in a sample of community adolescents in mainland China ( N = 1,683; mean age = 13.60, SD = 1.14; 54.1% boys). The new instrument showed good internal consistency (alpha) for the 24-item total scale and good mean interitem correlations for each of the six-item subscales. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted on all 24 items, and also a subset of 13 items that demonstrated strong item-level reliabilities. Using all 24 items, CFA results supported a four-factor bifactor model indicating the total score reflects a broad syndrome with four factors. The four factors included grandiose\u2013manipulative traits (GM traits), callous\u2013unemotional traits (CU traits), daring\u2013impulsive traits (DI traits), and CD traits. The 13-item CFA results provided further support for a four-factor conceptualization of the PSCD and evidence of strong measurement invariance across gender. Finally, the PSCD exhibited the expected relations with other psychopathy measures, anxiety and depression, and aggression, supporting the PSCD scores convergent, discriminant, and criterion related validity. The findings provide preliminary evidence for the four-factor structure of the PSCD and support for the utility of the self-report PSCD for measuring psychopathic traits and CD in Chinese adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191120949914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T07:10:30Z","timestamp":1597907430000},"page":"1765-1784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Factor Structure and Construct Validity of the Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD) Scale in Chinese Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0855-2219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng-Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3825-2153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig S.","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Hare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall T.","family":"Salekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1073191120949914","volume-title":"Manual for the YSR and 1991 profile","author":"Achenbach T. M.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr2-1073191120949914","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Handbook of child and adolescent psychopathy","author":"Andershed H.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr3-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andershed H., Colins O. F., Salekin R. T., Lordos A., Kyranides M., N., Fanti K. A. (2018). Callous-unemotional traits only versus the multidimensional psychopathy construct as predictors of various antisocial outcomes during early adolescence. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40(1), 16-25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-018-9659-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-018-9659-5"},{"key":"bibr4-1073191120949914","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Psychopaths: Current international perspectives","author":"Andershed H.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr5-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagozzi R. P., Yi Y. (1991). Multitrait-multimethod matrices in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(4), 426-439. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1086\/208568","DOI":"10.1086\/208568"},{"key":"bibr6-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bijttebier P., Decoene S. (2009). Assessment of psychopathic traits in children and adolescents: Further validation of the Antisocial Process Screening Device and the Childhood Psychopathy Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25, 157-163. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759.25.3.157","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759.25.3.157"},{"key":"bibr7-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonifay W., Lane S. P., Reise S. P. (2017). Three concerns with applying a bifactor model as a structure of psychopathology. Clinical Psychological Science, 5(1), 184-186. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702616657069","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702616657069"},{"key":"bibr8-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke J. D., Loeber R., Lahey B. B. (2007). Adolescent conduct disorder and interpersonal callousness as predictors of psychopathy in young adults. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 36(3), 334-346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374410701444223","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410701444223"},{"key":"bibr9-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byrne B. M., Goffin R. D. (1993). Modeling MTMM data from additive and multiplicative covariance structures: An audit of construct validity concordance. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 28(1), 67-96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327906mbr2801_5","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2801_5"},{"key":"bibr10-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caputo A. A., Frick P. J., Brodsky S. L. (1999). Family violence and juvenile sex offending: The potential mediating role of psychopathic traits and negative attitudes toward women. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26(3), 338-356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854899026003004","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854899026003004"},{"key":"bibr11-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicchetti D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284-290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1040-3590.6.4.284"},{"key":"bibr12-1073191120949914","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Handbook of mental retardation","author":"Cicchetti D. V.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr13-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark L. A., Watson D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.7.3.309","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1040-3590.7.3.309"},{"key":"bibr14-1073191120949914","volume-title":"The Mask of Sanity","author":"Cleckley H. M.","year":"1976","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr15-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colins O. F., Andershed H., Frogner L., Lopez-Romero L., Veen V., Andershed A. K. (2014). A new measure to assess psychopathic personality in children: The Child Problematic Traits Inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36(1), 4-21. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-013-9385-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-013-9385-y"},{"key":"bibr16-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colins O. F., Andershed H., Salekin R. T., Fanti K. A. (2018). Comparing different approaches for subtyping children with conduct problems: Callous-unemotional traits only versus the multidimensional psychopathy construct. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40(1), 6-15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-018-9653-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-018-9653-y"},{"key":"bibr17-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colins O. F., Fanti K., Larsson H., Andershed H. (2017). Psychopathic traits in early childhood further validation of the Child Problematic Traits Inventory. Assessment, 24(5), 602-614. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191115624544","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191115624544"},{"key":"bibr18-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colins O. F., Fanti K. A., Salekin R. T., Andershed H. (2017). Psychopathic personality in the general population: Differences and similarities across gender. Journal of Personality Disorders, 31(1), 49-74. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi_2016_30_237","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2016_30_237"},{"key":"bibr19-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooke D. J., Michie C. (2001). Refining the construct of psychopathy: Towards a hierarchical model. Psychological Assessment, 13(2), 171-188. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.13.2.171","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.13.2.171"},{"key":"bibr20-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dillard C. L., Salekin R. T., Barker E. D., Grimes R. D. (2013). Psychopathy in adolescent offenders: An item response theory study of the Antisocial Process Screening Device\u2013Self Report and the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth version. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4(2), 101-120. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/a0028439","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028439"},{"key":"bibr21-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410603593"},{"key":"bibr22-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falkenbach D. M., Poythress N. G., Heide K. M. (2003). Psychopathic features in a juvenile diversion population: Reliability and predictive validity of two-self-report measures. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 21(6), 787-805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.562","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.562"},{"key":"bibr23-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrington D. P. (2005). The importance of child and adolescent psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(4), 489-497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-005-5729-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-5729-8"},{"key":"bibr24-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiske D. W., Campbell D. T. (1992). Citations do not solve problems. Psychological Bulletin, 112(3), 393-395. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.112.3.393","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.112.3.393"},{"key":"bibr25-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flora D. B., Curran P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9(4), 466-491. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.9.4.466","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.9.4.466"},{"key":"bibr26-1073191120949914","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Handbook of child and adolescent psychopathy","author":"Forth A. E.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr27-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forth A. E., Hart S. D., Hare R. D. (1990). Assessment of psychopathy in male young offenders. Psychological Assessment, 2(3), 342-344. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.2.3.342","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1040-3590.2.3.342"},{"key":"bibr28-1073191120949914","volume-title":"The Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version","author":"Forth A. E.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr29-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frick P. J. (2004). Inventory of callous-unemotional traits [Unpublished rating scale]. University of New Orleans.","DOI":"10.1037\/t62639-000"},{"key":"bibr30-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frick P. J., Bodin S. D., Barry C. T. (2000). Psychopathic traits and conduct problems in community and clinic-referred samples of children: Further development of the psychopathy screening device. Psychological Assessment, 12(4), 382-393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.12.4.382","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1040-3590.12.4.382"},{"key":"bibr31-1073191120949914","volume-title":"The Antisocial Process Screening Device","author":"Frick P. J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr32-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frick P. J., Kimonis E. R., Dandreaux D. M., Farell J. M. (2003). The 4 year stability of psychopathic traits in non-referred youth. Behavioral Science & the Law, 21(6), 713-736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.568","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.568"},{"key":"bibr33-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frick P. J., O\u2019Brien B. S., Wootton J. M., McBurnett K. (1994). Psychopathy and conduct problems in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(4), 700-707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.103.4.700","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0021-843X.103.4.700"},{"key":"bibr34-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frick P. J., Ray J., Thornton L., Kahn R. E. (2014). Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 1-57. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/a0033076","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033076"},{"key":"bibr35-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fung A. L. C., Raine A., Gao Y. (2009). Cross-cultural generalizability of the Reactive\u2013Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(5), 473-479. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/00223890903088420","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890903088420"},{"key":"bibr36-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao Y., Zhang W., Fung A. L. C. (2015). The associations between parenting styles and proactive and reactive aggression in Hong Kong children and adolescents. International Journal of Psychology, 50(6), 463-471. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/ijop.12104","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12104"},{"key":"bibr37-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garofalo C., Neumann C. S., Velotti P. (2018). Difficulties in emotion regulation and psychopathic traits in violent offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 57, 116-125. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2018.05.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2018.05.013"},{"key":"bibr38-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillen C. T. A., MacDougall E. A. M., Forth A. E., Barry C. T., Salekin R. T. (2019). Validity of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory\u2013Short Version in justice-involved and at-risk adolescents. Assessment, 26(3), 479-491. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191117700723","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191117700723"},{"key":"bibr39-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodwin B. E., Sellbom M., Salekin R. T. (2015). Elucidating the construct validity of the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) in a sample of young adults. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(1), 1-11. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-014-9444-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-014-9444-z"},{"key":"bibr40-1073191120949914","volume-title":"Psychopaths Among Us","author":"Hare R. D.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr41-1073191120949914","volume-title":"Manual for the revised psychopathy checklist","author":"Hare R. D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr42-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hare R. D., Neumann C. S. (2005). Structural models of psychopathy. Current Psychiatry Reports, 7(1), 57-64. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-005-0026-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-005-0026-3"},{"key":"bibr43-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hare R. D., Neumann C. S. (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 217-246. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452"},{"key":"bibr44-1073191120949914","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Handbook of psychopathy","author":"Hare R. D.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr45-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harpur T. J., Hare R. D., Hakstian A. R. (1989). Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 6-17. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.1.1.6","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1040-3590.1.1.6"},{"key":"bibr46-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemphill J. F. (2003). Interpreting the magnitudes of correlation coefficients. American Psychologist, 58(1), 78-79. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.58.1.78","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.58.1.78"},{"key":"bibr47-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoppenbrouwers S. S., Neumann C. S., Lewis J., Johansson P. (2015). A latent variable analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist\u2013Revised and behavioral inhibition system\/behavioral activation system factors in North American and Swedish offenders. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6(3), 251-260. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000115","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000115"},{"key":"bibr48-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopwood C. J., Donnellan M. B. (2010). How should the internal structure of personality inventories be evaluated? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(3), 332-346. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/1088868310361240","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868310361240"},{"key":"bibr49-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu L., Bentler P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"bibr50-1073191120949914","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr51-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosson D. S., Neumann C. S., Forth A. E., Salekin R. T., Hare R. D., Krischer M. K., Sevecke K. (2013). Factor structure of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL: YV) in adolescent females. Psychological Assessment, 25(1), 71-83. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/a0028986","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028986"},{"key":"bibr52-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotler J. S., McMahon R. J. (2005). Child psychopathy: Theories, measurement, and relations with the development and persistence of conduct problems. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8(4), 291-325. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-005-8810-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-005-8810-5"},{"key":"bibr53-1073191120949914","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Handbook of child and adolescent psychopathy","author":"Kotler J. S.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr54-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroenke K., Spitzer R. L., Williams J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606-613. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"bibr55-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krstic S., Neumann C. S., Roy S., Robertson C. A., Knight R. A., Hare R. D. (2018). Using latent variable- and person-centered approaches to examine the role of psychopathic traits in sex offenders. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(3), 207-216. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000249","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000249"},{"key":"bibr56-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubak F. A., Salekin R. T. (2009). Psychopathy and anxiety in children and adolescents: New insights on developmental pathways to offending. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(4), 271-284. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-009-9144-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-009-9144-2"},{"key":"bibr57-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latzman R. D., Lilienfeld S. O., Latzman N. E., Clark L. A. (2013). Exploring callous and unemotional traits in youth via general personality traits: An eye toward DSM-5. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4(3), 191-202. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/a0000001","DOI":"10.1037\/a0000001"},{"key":"bibr58-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung P. W., Kwong S. L., Tang C. P., Ho T. P., Hung S. F., Lee C. C., Hong S. L., Chiu C. M., Liu W. S. (2006). Test\u2013retest reliability and criterion validity of the Chinese version of CBCL, TRF, and YSR. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(9), 970-973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01570.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01570.x"},{"key":"bibr59-1073191120949914","author":"Liu T.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Developing a simplified version of the Reactive-Proactive Aggressive Questionnaire based on factor analysis and item response theory"},{"key":"bibr60-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loney B. R., Frick. P. J., Clements C. B., Ellis M. L., Kerlin K. (2003). Callous-unemotional traits, impulsivity, and emotional processing in antisocial adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(1), 66-80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3201_07","DOI":"10.1207\/15374420360533077"},{"key":"bibr61-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Romero L., Molinuevo B., Bonillo A., Andershed H., Colins O. F., Torrubia R., Romero E. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Child Problematic Traits Inventory in 3- to 12-year-old Spanish children. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000458","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000458"},{"key":"bibr62-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Romero L., Romero E., Colins O. F., Andershed H., Hare R. D., Salekin R. T. (2019). Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD): Preliminary validation of the parent version in a Spanish sample of preschoolers. Psychological Assessment, 31(11), 1357-1367. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000759","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000759"},{"key":"bibr63-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo J., Wang X., Wang M.C., Zhang X., Deng J., Zhong C., Gao Y., Qi S. (2019). Longitudinal measurement invariance of the Child Problematic Traits Inventory in older Chinese children. PLOS ONE, 14(7), Article e0219136. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0219136","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219136"},{"key":"bibr64-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynam D. R., Caspi A., Moffitt T. E., Loeber R., Stouthamer-Loeber M. (2007). Longitudinal evidence that psychopathy scores in early adolescence predict adult psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1), 155-165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.116.1.155","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.1.155"},{"key":"bibr65-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynam D. R., Gudonis L. (2005). The development of psychopathy. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 381-407. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144019","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144019"},{"key":"bibr66-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynam D. R., Miller J. D. (2012). Fearless dominance and psychopathy: A response to Lilienfeld et al. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(3), 341-353. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/a0028296","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028296"},{"key":"bibr67-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meg\u00edas A., G\u00f3mezleal R., Guti\u00e9rrezcobo M. J., Cabello R., Fern\u00e1ndezberrocal P. (2018). The relationship between trait psychopathy and emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 84(January), 198-203. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.12.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.12.003"},{"key":"bibr68-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller J. D., Lynam D. R. (2015). Psychopathy and personality: Advances and debates. Journal of Personality, 83(6), 585-592. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/jopy.12145","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12145"},{"key":"bibr69-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz L. C., Frick P. J. (2007). The reliability, stability, and predictive utility of the self-report version of the Antisocial Process Screening Device. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48(4), 299-312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2007.00560.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2007.00560.x"},{"key":"bibr70-1073191120949914","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"1998","edition":"7"},{"key":"bibr71-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumann C. S., Hare R. D., Newman J. P. (2007). The super-ordinate nature of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(2), 102-117. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi.2007.21.2.102","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2007.21.2.102"},{"key":"bibr72-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumann C. S., Hare R. D., Pardini D. A. (2015). Antisociality and the construct of psychopathy: Data from across the globe. Journal of Personality, 83(6), 678-692. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/jopy.12127","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12127"},{"key":"bibr73-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumann C. S., Kosson D. S., Forth A. E., Hare R. D. (2006). Factor structure of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL: YV) in incarcerated adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 18(2), 142-154. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.18.2.142","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.18.2.142"},{"key":"bibr74-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumann C. S., Schmitt D. S., Carter R., Embley I., Hare R. D. (2012). Psychopathic traits in females and males across the globe. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 30(5), 557-574. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.2038","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2038"},{"key":"bibr75-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumann C., Wampler M., Taylor J., Blonigen D. M., Iacono W. G. (2011). Stability and invariance of psychopathic traits from late adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(2), 145-152. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2010.12.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2010.12.003"},{"key":"bibr76-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pechorro P., Maroco J., Poiares C., Vieira R. X. (2013). Validation of the Portuguese version of the Antisocial Process Screening Device\u2013Self-Report with a focus on delinquent behavior and behavior problems. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(1), 112-126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624X11427174","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X11427174"},{"key":"bibr77-1073191120949914","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Contemporary directions in psychopathology: Toward the DSM-IV","author":"Quay H. C.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr78-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raine A., Dodge K., Loeber R., Gatzke-Kopp L., Lynam D., Reynolds C., Liu J. (2006). The Reactive\u2013Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 159-171. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.20115","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20115"},{"key":"bibr79-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray J. V., Frick P. J., Thornton L. C., Steinberg L., Cauffman E. (2016). Positive and negative item wording and its influence on the assessment of callous-unemotional traits. Psychological Assessment, 28(4), 394-404. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000183","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000183"},{"key":"bibr80-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reise S. P., Bonifay W. E., Haviland M. G. (2013). Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(2), 129-140. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2012.725437","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2012.725437"},{"key":"bibr81-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez A., Reise S. P., Haviland M. G. (2016). Applying bifactor statistical indices in the evaluation of psychological measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(3), 223-237. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2015.1089249","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2015.1089249"},{"key":"bibr82-1073191120949914","volume-title":"Diagnostic and structured interviewing","author":"Rogers R.","year":"2001","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr83-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutter M. (2005). Commentary: What is the meaning and utility of the psychopathy concept? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(4), 499-503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-005-5730-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-5730-2"},{"key":"bibr84-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salekin R. T., Brannen D. N., Zalot A. A., Leistico A.M., Neumann C. S. (2006). Factor structure of psychopathy in youth: Testing the applicability of the new four-factor model. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33(2), 135-157. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854805284416","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854805284416"},{"key":"bibr85-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salekin R. T. (2008). Psychopathy and recidivism from mid-adolescence to young adulthood: Cumulating legal problems and limiting life opportunities. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(2), 386-395. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.117.2.386","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.117.2.386"},{"key":"bibr86-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salekin R. T. (2016a). Psychopathy in childhood: Toward better informing the DSM-5 and ICD-11 conduct disorder specifiers. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(2), 180-191. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000150","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000150"},{"key":"bibr87-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salekin R. T. (2016b). Psychopathy in childhood: Why should we care about grandiose-manipulative and daring-impulsive traits? British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(3), 189-191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.179051","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.179051"},{"key":"bibr88-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salekin R. T. (2017). Research review: What do we know about psychopathic traits in children? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(11), 1180-1200. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12738","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12738"},{"key":"bibr89-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salekin R. T., Andershed H., Batky B. D., Bontemps A. P. (2018). Are callous unemotional (CU) traits enough? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40(1), 1-5. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-018-9663-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-018-9663-9"},{"key":"bibr90-1073191120949914","first-page":"479","volume-title":"Handbook of psychopathy","author":"Salekin R. T.","year":"2018","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr91-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salekin R. T., Hare R. D. (2016). Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD) Scale. Unpublished test.","DOI":"10.1037\/t91056-000"},{"key":"bibr92-1073191120949914","volume-title":"Handbook of child and adolescent psychopathy","author":"Salekin R. T.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr93-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salekin R. T., Neumann C. S., Leistico A. R., Zalot A. A. (2004). Psychopathy in youth and intelligence: An investigation of Cleckley\u2019s hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33(4), 731-742. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1207\/s15374424jccp3304_8","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3304_8"},{"key":"bibr94-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharp C., Steinberg L., Temple J., Newlin E. (2014). An 11-item measure to assess borderline traits in adolescents: Refinement of the BPFSC using IRT. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(1), 70-78. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000057","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000057"},{"key":"bibr95-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somma A., Andershed H., Borroni S., Fossati A. (2016). The validity of the child problematic trait inventory in 6-12 year old Italian children: Further support and issues of consistency across different sources of information and different samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(3), 350-372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-015-9528-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-015-9528-4"},{"key":"bibr96-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somma A., Andershed H., Borroni S., Salekin R. T., Fossati A. (2018). Psychopathic personality traits in relation to self-report delinquency in adolescence: Should we mind about interaction effects? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40(1), 69-78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-018-9658-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-018-9658-6"},{"key":"bibr97-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spitzer R. L., Kroenke K., Williams J. B. W., L\u00f6we B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"bibr98-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavakol M., Dennick R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach\u2019s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2(1), 53-55. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd"},{"key":"bibr99-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuvblad C., Fanti K. A., Andershed H., Colins O. F., Larsson H. (2017). Psychopathic personality traits in 5 year old twins: The importance of genetic and shared environmental influences. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(4), 469-479. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-016-0899-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0899-1"},{"key":"bibr100-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0497-4"},{"key":"bibr101-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Baardewijk Y., Andershed H., Stegge H., Nilsson K. W., Scholte E., Vermeiren R. (2010). Development and tests of short versions of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory and the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory\u2013Child Version. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 122-128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000017","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000017"},{"key":"bibr102-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Baardewijk Y., Stegge H., Bushman B. J., Vermeiren R. (2009). Psychopathic traits, victim distress and aggression in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(6), 718-725. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.02023.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.02023.x"},{"key":"bibr103-1073191120949914","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Handbook of child and adolescent psychopathy","author":"Verona E.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr104-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitacco M. J., Neumann C. S., Caldwell M. F., Leistico A. M., Van Rybroek G. J. (2006). Testing factor models of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version and their association with instrumental aggression. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87(1), 74-83. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327752jpa8701_06","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8701_06"},{"key":"bibr105-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitacco M. J., Rogers R., Neumann C. S. (2003). The Antisocial Process Screening Device: An examination of its construct and criterion-related validity. Assessment, 10(2), 143-150. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191103010002005","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191103010002005"},{"key":"bibr106-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waller R., Gardner F., Hyde L. W., Shaw D. S., Dishion T. J., Wilson M. N. (2012). Do harsh and positive parenting predict parent reports of deceitful-callous behavior in early childhood? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(9), 946-953. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02550.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02550.x"},{"key":"bibr107-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walton K. E., Roberts B. W., Krueger R. F., Blonigen D. M., Hicks B. M. (2008). Capturing abnormal personality with normal personality inventories: An item response theory approach. Journal of Personality, 76(6), 1623-1648. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2008.00533.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2008.00533.x"},{"key":"bibr108-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang M.C., Colins O. F., Deng Q., Andershed H., Deng J., Ye H. (2017). Psychometric properties of the original and shortened version of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 39(3), 620-634. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-017-9619-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-017-9619-5"},{"key":"bibr109-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang M.C., Colins O. F., Deng Q., Deng J., Huang Y., Andershed H. (2018). The Child Problematic Traits Inventory in China: A multiple informant-based validation study. Psychological Assessment, 30(7), 956-966. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000545","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000545"},{"key":"bibr110-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang M.C., Deng Q., Armour C., Bi X., Zeng H. (2015). The psychometric properties and factor structure of the Antisocial Process Screening Device self-report version in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(4), 553-562. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-015-9486-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-015-9486-x"},{"key":"bibr111-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang M.C., Gao Y., Deng J., Lai H., Deng Q., Armour C. (2017). The factor structure and construct validity of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in Chinese undergraduate students. PLOS ONE, 12(12), Article e0189003. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0189003","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189003"},{"key":"bibr112-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang M.C., Shou Y., Liang J., Lai H., Zeng H., Chen L., Gao Y. (2020). Further validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in Chinese: Cross-informants invariance and longitudinal invariance. Assessment, 27(7), 1668-1680. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191119845052","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191119845052"},{"key":"bibr113-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White S. F., Cruise K. R., Frick P. J. (2009). Differential correlates to self-report and parent-report of callous\u2013unemotional traits in a sample of juvenile sexual offenders. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 27(6), 910-928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.911","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.911"},{"key":"bibr114-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang X., Shou Y., Wang M.C., Zhong C., Luo J., Gao Y., Yang W. (2019). Assessing callous-unemotional traits in Chinese detained boys: Factor structure and construct validity of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1841. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01841","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01841"},{"key":"bibr115-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinbarg R., Yovel I., Revelle W., McDonald R. P. (2006). Estimating generalizability to a latent variable common to all of a scale\u2019s indicators: A comparison of estimators for \u03c9h. Applied Psychological Measurement, 30(2), 121-144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146621605278814","DOI":"10.1177\/0146621605278814"},{"key":"bibr116-1073191120949914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zwaanswijk W., Veen V. C., Vedder P. (2017). The Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory: A bifactor model, dimensionality, and measurement invariance. Assessment, 24(7), 932-944. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191116632340","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116632340"}],"container-title":["Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1073191120949914","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1073191120949914","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1073191120949914","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:11:09Z","timestamp":1777378269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1073191120949914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1073191120949914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191120949914","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1911","1552-3489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1911","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]}}}