{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T21:43:42Z","timestamp":1785447822994,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15HD071431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15HD071431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Assessment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the scope and adverse clinical consequences of child abuse, assessment of salient etiological factors can lend critical insights needed for abuse prevention. Increasingly, dual-processing models have been applied to aggression, which postulate that parallel automatic and conscious processes can evoke aggressive behavior, implicating both affective and cognitive elements in both routes. Using two samples of mothers ( n = 110 and n = 195), the current investigation considered evidence of the reliability and convergent, concurrent, and construct validity of the new Automatic Parent Emotion Analog Response task relevant to parent\u2013child aggression, contrasted with a self-reported conscious processing measure. Findings provide evidence that affective reactions of both anger and worry relate to child abuse risk and inclination to respond aggressively, and demonstrate how mothers\u2019 automatic reactions relate to both perceived child misbehavior and child dangerous behavior. Current results lend psychometric support for automatic processing in parent\u2013child aggression consistent with other dual-processing theories of aggression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211020114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T05:56:40Z","timestamp":1623304600000},"page":"1532-1547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessing Mothers\u2019 Automatic Affective and Discipline Reactions to Child Behavior in Relation to Child Abuse Risk: A Dual-Processing Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5090-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina M.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Silvia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawna J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Grogan-Kaylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afifi T. O., Mota N., Sareen J., MacMillan H. L. (2017). The relationships between harsh physical punishment and child maltreatment in childhood and intimate partner violence in adulthood. BMC Public Health, 17, Article 493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-017-4359-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4359-8"},{"key":"bibr2-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altafim E. R. P., Linhares M. B. M. (2016). Universal violence and child maltreatment prevention programs for parents: A systematic review. Psychosocial Intervention, 25(1), 27-38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psi.2015.10.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psi.2015.10.003"},{"key":"bibr3-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ateah C. A., Durrant J. E. (2005). Maternal use of physical punishment in response to child misbehavior: Implications for child abuse prevention. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(2), 169-185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.10.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.10.010"},{"key":"bibr4-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-5743-1"},{"key":"bibr5-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azar S. T., Miller E. A., McGuier D. J., Stevenson M. T., O\u2019Donnell E., Olsen N., Spence N. (2016). Maternal social information processing and the frequency and severity of mother-perpetrated physical abuse. Child Maltreatment, 21(4), 308-316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559516668047","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559516668047"},{"key":"bibr6-10731911211020114","volume-title":"Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI-2): Administration and development handbook","author":"Bavolek S. J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr7-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckerman M., van Berkel S. R., Mesman J., Alink L. R. A. (2018). Negative parental attributions mediate associations between risk factors and dysfunctional parenting: A replication and extension. Child Abuse & Neglect, 81(July), 249-258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.05.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.05.001"},{"key":"bibr8-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi S., Keller P. S. (2019). Parental empathy, aggressive parenting, and child adjustment in a noncustodial high-risk sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260519870165","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519870165"},{"key":"bibr9-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bluemke M., Teige-Mocigemba S. (2015). Automatic processes in aggression: Conceptual and assessment issues. Aggressive Behavior, 41(1), 44-50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.21576","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21576"},{"key":"bibr10-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bower-Russa M. E., Knutson J. F., Winebarger A. (2001). Disciplinary history, adult disciplinary attitudes, and risk for abusive parenting. Journal of Community Psychology, 29(3), 219-240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.1015","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.1015"},{"key":"bibr11-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bushman B. J., Anderson C. A. (2001). Is it time to pull the plug on hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychological Review, 108(1), 273-279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.273","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.273"},{"key":"bibr12-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11160-000"},{"key":"bibr13-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camilo C., Vaz Garrido M., Calheiros M. M. (2016). Implicit measures of child abuse and neglect: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 29(July-August), 43-54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2016.06.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2016.06.002"},{"key":"bibr14-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camilo C., Vaz Garrido M., Calheiros M. M. (2020). The social information processing model in child physical abuse and neglect: A meta-analytic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 108(October), Article 104666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104666"},{"key":"bibr15-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell D. T., Fiske D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81-105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0046016","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046016"},{"key":"bibr16-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaffin M., Bard D., Hecht D., Silovsky J. (2011). Change trajectories during home-based services with chronic child welfare cases. Child Maltreatment, 16(2), 114-125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559511402048","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559511402048"},{"key":"bibr17-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaffin M., Valle L. (2003). Dynamic prediction characteristics of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(5), 463-481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0145-2134(03)00036-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(03)00036-X"},{"key":"bibr18-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan K. L. (2012). Comparison of parent and child reports on child maltreatment in a representative household sample in Hong Kong. Journal of Family Violence, 27(1), 11-21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-011-9405-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-011-9405-1"},{"key":"bibr19-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coley R. L., Kull M. A., Carrano J. (2014). Parental endorsement of spanking and children\u2019s internalizing and externalizing problems in African American and Hispanic families. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(1), 22-31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0035272","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035272"},{"key":"bibr20-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Compier-de Block L. H. C., Alink L. R. A., Reijman S., Werner C. D., Maras A., Rijnberk C., van IJzendoorn M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg M. J. (2015). Handgrip force of maltreating mothers in reaction to infant signals. Child Abuse & Neglect, 40(February), 124-131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.03.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.03.006"},{"key":"bibr21-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conners N. A., Whiteside-Mansell L., Deere D., Ledet T., Edwards M. C. (2006). Measuring the potential for maltreatment: The reliability and validity of the Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory\u20132. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30(1), 39-53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.08.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.08.011"},{"key":"bibr22-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crouch J. L., Irwin L. M., Milner J. S., Skowronski J. J., Rutledge E., Davila A. L. (2017). Do hostile attributions and negative affect explain the association between authoritarian beliefs and harsh parenting? Child Abuse & Neglect, 67(May), 13-21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.019"},{"key":"bibr23-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crouch J. L., Irwin L. M., Wells B. M., Shelton C. R., Skowronski J. J., Milner J. S. (2012). The\n                      Word Game\n                      : An innovative strategy for assessing implicit processes in parents at risk for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(6), 498-509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.04.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.04.004"},{"key":"bibr24-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duffy J. Y., Hughes M., Asnes A. G., Leventhal J. M. (2015). Child maltreatment and risk patterns among participants in a child abuse prevention program. Child Abuse & Neglect, 44(June), 184-193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.11.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.11.005"},{"key":"bibr25-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durrant J. E., Trocm\u00e9 N., Fallon B., Milne C., Black T. (2009). Protection of children from physical maltreatment in Canada: An evaluation of the Supreme Court\u2019s definition. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 18(1), 64-87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10926770802610640","DOI":"10.1080\/10926770802610640"},{"key":"bibr26-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farc M. M., Crouch J. L., Skowronski J. J., Milner J. S. (2008). Hostility ratings by parents at risk for child abuse: Impact of chronic and temporary schema activation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(2), 177-193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.06.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.06.001"},{"key":"bibr27-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fazio R. H., Olson M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297-327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225"},{"key":"bibr28-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Font S. A., Berger L. M. (2015). Child maltreatment and children\u2019s developmental trajectories in early to middle childhood. Child Development, 86(2), 536-556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.12322","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12322"},{"key":"bibr29-10731911211020114","unstructured":"Gershoff E. T. (2010). More harm than good: A summary of the scientific research on the intended and unintended effects of corporal punishment on children. Law and Contemporary Problems, 73(2), 31-56. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25766386"},{"key":"bibr30-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gershoff E. T., Grogan-Kaylor A. (2016). Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(4), 453-469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/fam0000191","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000191"},{"key":"bibr31-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez M., Durrant J. E., Chabot M., Trocm\u00e9 N., Brown J. (2008). What predicts injury from physical punishment? A test of the typologies of violence hypothesis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 752-765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.12.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.12.005"},{"key":"bibr32-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haskett M. E., Scott S. S., Willoughby M., Ahern L., Nears K. (2006). The Parent Opinion Questionnaire and child vignettes for use with abusive parents: Assessment of psychometric properties. Journal of Family Violence, 21(2), 137-151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-005-9010-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-005-9010-2"},{"key":"bibr33-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hien D., Cohen L. R., Caldeira N. A., Flom P., Wasserman G. (2010). Depression and anger as risk factors underlying the relationship between substance involvement and child abuse potential. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(2), 105-111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.05.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.05.006"},{"key":"bibr34-10731911211020114","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Abstracts: Vol. 2. Handbook of family measurement techniques","author":"Holden G. W.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr35-10731911211020114","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline R. B.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr36-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemerise E. A., Arsenio W. F. (2000). An integrated model of emotion process and cognition in social information processing. Child Development, 71(1), 107-118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8624.00124","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00124"},{"key":"bibr37-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maneta E. K., White M., Mezzacappa E. (2017). Parent-child aggression, adult-partner violence, and child outcomes: A prospective, population-based study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 68(June), 1-10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.03.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.03.017"},{"key":"bibr38-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McElroy E., Rodriguez C. M. (2008). Mothers of children with externalizing behavior problems: Cognitive risk factors for abuse potential and discipline style and practices. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 774-784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.01.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.01.002"},{"key":"bibr39-10731911211020114","volume-title":"Measuring and monitoring national prevalence of child maltreatment: A practical handbook","author":"Meinck F.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr40-10731911211020114","volume-title":"The Child Abuse Potential Inventory: Manual","author":"Milner J. S.","year":"1986","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr41-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milner J. S. (1994). Assessing physical child abuse risk: The Child Abuse Potential Inventory. Clinical Psychology Review, 14(6), 547-583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0272-7358(94)90017-5","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(94)90017-5"},{"key":"bibr42-10731911211020114","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Nebraska symposium on motivation, Vol. 46, 1998: Motivation and child maltreatment","author":"Milner J. S.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr43-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orobio de Castro B. O. (2004). The development of social information processing and aggressive behaviour: Current issues. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1(1), 87-102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17405620444000058","DOI":"10.1080\/17405620444000058"},{"key":"bibr44-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palan S., Schitter C. (2018). Prolific.ac: A subject pool for online experiments. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 17(March), 22-27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbef.2017.12.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbef.2017.12.004"},{"key":"bibr45-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinderhughes E. E., Dodge K. A., Bates J. E., Pettit G. S., Zelli A. (2000). Discipline responses: Influences of parents\u2019 socioeconomic status, ethnicity, beliefs about parenting, stress, and cognitive-emotional processes. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(3), 380-400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0893-3200.14.3.380","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.14.3.380"},{"key":"bibr46-10731911211020114","unstructured":"Plotkin R. (1983). Cognitive mediation in disciplinary actions among mothers who have abused or neglected their children: Dispositional and environmental factors [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Rochester."},{"key":"bibr47-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabbit S., Rodriguez C. M. (2019). Assessing parental attributions through an implicit measure: Development and evaluation of the Noncompliance IAT. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(4), 894-905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-018-01315-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-018-01315-2"},{"key":"bibr48-10731911211020114","unstructured":"Robitzsch A., Kiefer T., Wu M. (2020). TAM: Test Analysis Modules (R package version 3.5.19). https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=TAM"},{"key":"bibr49-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez C. M. (2006). Attributional style as a mediator between parental abuse risk and child internalizing symptomatology. Child Maltreatment, 11(2), 121-130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559505285743","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559505285743"},{"key":"bibr50-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez C. M. (2010). Parent-child aggression: Association with child abuse potential and parenting styles. Violence and Victims, 25(6), 728-741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.25.6.728","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.25.6.728"},{"key":"bibr51-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez C. M. (2016). Parental discipline reactions to child noncompliance and compliance: Association with parent-child aggression indicators. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(4), 1363-1374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-015-0308-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-015-0308-2"},{"key":"bibr52-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez C. M. (2018). Predicting parent\u2013child aggression risk: Cognitive factors and their interaction with anger. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(3), 359-378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260516629386","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516629386"},{"key":"bibr53-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez C. M., Bower Russa M., Harmon N. (2011). Assessing abuse risk beyond self-report: Analog task of acceptability of parent-child aggression. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(3), 199-209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.12.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.12.004"},{"key":"bibr54-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez C. M., Cook A. E., Jedrziewski C. T. (2012). Reading between the lines: Implicit assessment of the association of parental attributions and empathy with abuse risk. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(7-8), 564-571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.05.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.05.004"},{"key":"bibr55-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez C. M., Richardson M. J. (2007). Stress and anger as contextual factors and pre-existing cognitive schemas: Predicting parental child maltreatment risk. Child Maltreatment, 12(4), 325-337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559507305993","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559507305993"},{"key":"bibr56-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez C. M., Russa M. B., Kircher J. C. (2015). Analog assessment of frustration tolerance: Association with self-reported child abuse risk and physiological reactivity. Child Abuse & Neglect, 46(August), 121-131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.02.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.02.017"},{"key":"bibr57-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez C. M., Silvia P. J., Gaskin R. E. (2019). Predicting maternal and paternal parent-child aggression risk: Longitudinal multimethod investigation using social information processing theory. Psychology of Violence, 9(3), 370-382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/vio0000115","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000115"},{"key":"bibr58-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez C. M., Smith T. L., Silvia P. J. (2016). Parent\u2013child aggression risk in expectant mothers and fathers: A multimethod theoretical approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(11), 3220-3235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-016-0481-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-016-0481-y"},{"key":"bibr59-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez C. M., Wittig S.M.O., Silvia P.J. (2020). Refining social-information processing theory: Predicting maternal and paternal parent-child aggression risk longitudinally. Child Abuse & Neglect, 107, 104563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104563"},{"key":"bibr60-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russa M. B., Rodriguez C. M., Silvia P. J. (2014). Frustration influences impact of history and disciplinary attitudes on physical discipline decision making. Aggressive Behavior, 40(1), 1-11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.21500","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21500"},{"key":"bibr61-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders M. R., Pigeon A. M., Gravestock F., Connors M. D., Brown S., Young R. W. (2004). Does parental attributional retraining and anger management enhance the effects of the Triple-P\u2013Positive Parenting Program with parents at risk of child maltreatment. Behavior Therapy, 35(3), 513-535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7894(04)80030-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(04)80030-3"},{"key":"bibr62-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedlak A. J., Mettenburg J., Basena M., Petta I., McPherson K., Greene A., Li S. (2010). Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS\u20134): Report to Congress, executive summary. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/media\/8885","DOI":"10.1037\/e565022012-001"},{"key":"bibr63-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith Slep A. M., O\u2019Leary S. G. (2007). Multivariate models of mothers\u2019 and fathers\u2019 aggression toward their children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 739-751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.75.5.739","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.75.5.739"},{"key":"bibr64-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa C., Mason W. A., Herrenkohl T. I., Prince D., Herrenkohl R. C., Russo M. J. (2018). Direct and indirect effects of child abuse and environmental stress: A lifecourse perspective on adversity and depressive symptoms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88(2), 180-188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ort0000283","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000283"},{"key":"bibr65-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stith S. M., Liu T., Davies C., Boykin E. L., Alder M. C., Harris J. M., Som A., McPherson M., Dees J. E. M. E. G. (2009). Risk factors in child maltreatment: A meta-analytic review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(1), 13-29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2006.03.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2006.03.006"},{"key":"bibr66-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoltenborgh M., Bakermans-Kranenburg M. J., Alink L. R. A., van IJzendoorn M. H. (2015). The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: Review of a series of meta-analyses. Child Abuse Review, 24(1), 37-50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/car.2353","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2353"},{"key":"bibr67-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straus M. A., Hamby S. L., Finkelhor D., Moore D. W., Runyan D. (1998). Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(4), 249-270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00174-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00174-9"},{"key":"bibr68-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sturge-Apple M. L., Rogge R. D., Peltz J. S., Suor J. H., Skibo M. A. (2015). Delving beyond conscious attitudes: Validation of an innovative tool for assessing parental implicit attitudes toward physical punishment. Infant and Child Development, 24(3), 240-255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/icd.1903","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.1903"},{"key":"bibr69-10731911211020114","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2020). Child maltreatment 2018. https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/cb\/resource\/child-maltreatment-2018"},{"key":"bibr70-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widom C. S., Czaja S. J., DuMont K. A. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: Real or detection bias? Science, 347(6229), 1480-1485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1259917","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259917"},{"key":"bibr71-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wildeman C., Emanuel N., Leventhal J. M., Putnam-Hornstein E., Waldfogel J., Lee H. (2014). The prevalence of confirmed maltreatment among U.S. children, 2004-2011. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(8), 706-713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.410","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.410"},{"key":"bibr72-10731911211020114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zolotor A. J., Theodore A. D., Chang J. J., Berkoff M. C., Runyan D. K. (2008). Speak softly\u2014and forget the stick: Corporal punishment and child physical abuse. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 35(4), 364-369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.06.031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.06.031"}],"container-title":["Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10731911211020114","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10731911211020114","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10731911211020114","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:11:45Z","timestamp":1777378305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10731911211020114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10731911211020114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10731911211020114","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31234\/osf.io\/68dp3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1073-1911","1552-3489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1911","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]}}}