{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T10:49:22Z","timestamp":1779878962560,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]],"date-time":"2024-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Assessment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we aimed to expand the domain specificity of grit by exploring it in the realm of parenting. Parental grit was defined as parents\u2019 inclination to demonstrate perseverance, sustained passion, and adaptability in pursuing long-term parenting goals. With longitudinal data from 1,373 U.S. parents, we developed and validated the Parental Grit Scale (PGS) in three phases: item development and revision, establishment of factor structure, and examination of criterion-related and incremental validity. The PGS exhibited a three-factor structure and (partial) scalar measurement invariance across genders, the status of the child\u2019s special needs, and measurement occasions. The PGS demonstrated moderate temporal stability. We found evidence of its validity in predicting parental emotional exhaustion, self-efficacy, autonomy support, and parents\u2019 perceptions of children\u2019s school well-being. Parental grit explained variance in these outcomes beyond domain-general grit and conscientiousness. The PGS has sound psychometric properties and is a valuable measure in the parenting domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911241289242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T01:02:43Z","timestamp":1731286963000},"page":"1120-1141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gritty Parenting: The Development and Validation of the Parental Grit Scale"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziwen","family":"Teuber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus Alfonso D.","family":"Datu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elouise","family":"Botes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Dicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Catholic University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gesine","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3166-9869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drago\u015f","family":"Iliescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiesi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Catholic University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Greiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Zain A. O. Abdulsalam S. (2022). Impact of grit resilience and stress levels on burnout and well-being of dental students. Journal of Dental Education 86(4) 443\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jdd.12819","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.12819"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","volume-title":"A dynamic theory of action","author":"Atkinson J. W.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Atkinson J. W., Birch D. A. (1970). A dynamic theory of action. Wiley."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Doctrine, verity and fable in the organizational and social sciences","author":"Bandalos D. L.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bandalos D. L., Boehm-Kaufman M. R. (2009). Four common misconceptions in exploratory factor analysis. In Lance C., Lance C. E., Vandenberg R. J. (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Doctrine, verity and fable in the organizational and social sciences (pp. 61\u201387). Routledge\/Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell R. Q. (1968). A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review 75(2) 81\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10\/b9mwtq","DOI":"10.1037\/h0025583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell R. Q. (1979). Parent child and reciprocal influences. American Psychologist 34(10) 821\u2013826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10\/dsrgmt","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0003-066X.34.10.821"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodenmann G. Ledermann T. Bradbury T. N. (2007). Stress sex and satisfaction in marriage. Personal Relationships 14(4) 551\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-6811.2007.00171.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6811.2007.00171.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bornstein M. H. (2012). Cultural approaches to parenting. Parenting 12(2\u20133) 212\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15295192.2012.683359","DOI":"10.1080\/15295192.2012.683359"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410607027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branje S. (2018). Development of parent-adolescent relationships: Conflict interactions as a mechanism of change. Child Development Perspectives 12(3) 171\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdep.12278","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brik A. B. Williams N. A. Ladd S. B. (2024). Stressor pileup family and couple relational well-being and parent stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Family Relations 73(1) 95\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/fare.12982","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.12982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheah C. S. L. Leung C. Y. Y. Zhou N. (2013). Understanding \u201ctiger parenting\u201d through the perceptions of Chinese immigrant mothers: Can Chinese and U.S. parenting coexist? Asian American Journal of Psychology 4(1) 30\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10\/gj34wb","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031217"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark K. N. Malecki C. K. (2019). Academic Grit Scale: Psychometric properties and associations with achievement and life satisfaction. Journal of School Psychology 72 49\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10\/ggjq9w","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2018.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01956-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cormier D. L. Dunn J. G. H. Causgrove Dunn J. (2019). Examining the domain specificity of grit. Personality and Individual Differences 139 349\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2018.11.026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","volume-title":"Educational experiences and outcomes of children with special educational needs: Phase 2\u2014from age 9 to 13","author":"Cosgrove J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cosgrove J., McKeown C., Travers J., Lysaght Z., Bhroin \u00d3. N., Archer P. (2018). Educational experiences and outcomes of children with special educational needs: Phase 2\u2014from age 9 to 13. National Council for Special Education Ireland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cred\u00e9 M. (2018). What shall we do about grit? A critical review of what we know and what we don\u2019t know. Educational Researcher 47(9) 606\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0013189X18801322","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X18801322"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datu J. A. D. Chiu M. M. Mateo N. J. Yang L. (2024). Persisting in tough times across Hong Kong mainland China and the Philippines: Grit achievement goal orientation and science engagement. International Journal of STEM Education 11(1) 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40594-024-00462-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-024-00462-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datu J. A. D. Fincham F. D. (2022). The relational and mental health payoffs of staying gritty during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-cultural study in the Philippines and the United States. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 39(3) 459\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02654075211029380","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075211029380"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datu J. A. D. McInerney D. M. \u017bemojtel-Piotrowska M. Hitokoto H. Datu N. D. (2021). Is grittiness next to happiness? Examining the association of triarchic model of grit dimensions with well-being outcomes. Journal of Happiness Studies 22(2) 981\u20131009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-020-00260-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-020-00260-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-015-9374-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datu J. A. D. Yuen M. Chen G. (2017). Development and validation of the Triarchic Model of Grit Scale (TMGS): Evidence from Filipino undergraduate students. Personality and Individual Differences 114 198\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2017.04.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datu J. A. D. Yuen M. Chen G. (2018). The Triarchic Model of grit is linked to academic success and well-being among Filipino high school students. School Psychology Quarterly 33(3) 428\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/spq0000234","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000234"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datu J. A. D. Zhang J. (2021). Validating the Chinese version of Triarchic Model of Grit Scale in Technical\u2013vocational college students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 39(3) 381\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734282920974813","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282920974813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitrov D. M. (2010). Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 43(2) 121\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0748175610373459","DOI":"10.1177\/0748175610373459"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Disabato D. J. Goodman F. R. Kashdan T. B. (2019). Is grit relevant to well-being and strengths? Evidence across the globe for separating perseverance of effort and consistency of interests. Journal of Personality 87(2) 194\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jopy.12382","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnellan M. B. Oswald F. L. Baird B. M. Lucas R. E. (2006). The Mini-IPIP Scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five Factors of Personality. Psychological Assessment 18(2) 192\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.18.2.192","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.18.2.192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duckworth A. L. Gross J. J. (2014). Self-control and grit: Related but separable determinants of success. Current Directions in Psychological Science 23(5) 319\u2013325.","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721414541462"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duckworth A. L. Peterson C. Matthews M. D. Kelly D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92(6) 1087\u20131101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.92.6.1087","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.6.1087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duckworth A. L. Quinn P. D. (2009). Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (GRIT\u2013S). Journal of Personality Assessment 91(2) 166\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223890802634290","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890802634290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eskreis-Winkler L. Duckworth A. L. Shulman E. P. Beal S. (2014). The grit effect: Predicting retention in the military the workplace school and marriage. Frontiers in Psychology 5 36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00036","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00edn F. D. Arco-Tirado J. L. Mitrea E.-C. Littvay L. (2023). The role of parenting behavior\u2019s on the intergenerational covariation of grit. Current Psychology 42(24) 20872\u201320882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-022-03185-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03185-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fosnacht K. Copridge K. Sarraf S. A. (2019). How valid is Grit in the postsecondary context? A construct and concurrent validity analysis. Research in Higher Education 60(6) 803\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11162-018-9524-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s11162-018-9524-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganzeboom H. B. G. De Graaf P. M. Treiman D. J. (1992). A standard international socio-economic index of occupational status. Social Science Research 21(1) 1\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0049-089X(92)90017-B","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-089X(92)90017-B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez O. Canning J. R. Smyth H. MacKinnon D. P. (2020). A psychometric evaluation of the Short Grit Scale: A closer look at its factor structure and scale functioning. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 36(4) 646\u2013657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000535","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green C. L. Walker J. M. T. Hoover-Dempsey K. V. Sandler H. M. (2007). Parents\u2019 motivations for involvement in children\u2019s education: An empirical test of a theoretical model of parental involvement. Journal of Educational Psychology 99(3) 532\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.99.3.532","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.99.3.532"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grolnick W. S. (2016). Parental involvement and children\u2019s academic motivation and achievement. In Liu W. C. Wang J. C. K. Ryan R. M. (Eds.) Building autonomous learners (pp. 169\u2013183). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-287-630-0_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-287-630-0_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guelmami N. Chalghaf N. Tannoubi A. Puce L. Azaiez F. Bragazzi N. L. (2022). Initial development and psychometric evidence of physical education Grit Scale (PE-Grit). Frontiers in Public Health 10 818749. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.818749","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.818749"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo J. Tang X. Xu K. M. (2019). Capturing the multiplicative effect of perseverance and passion: Measurement issues of combining two grit facets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116(10) 3938\u20133940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1820125116","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820125116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havighurst S. S. Kehoe C. E. Harley A. E. (2015). Tuning in to teens: Improving parental responses to anger and reducing youth externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Adolescence 42(1) 148\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2015.04.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2015.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He H. Usami S. Rikimaru Y. Jiang L. (2021). Cultural roots of parenting: Mothers\u2019 parental social cognitions and practices from western US and Shanghai\/China. Frontiers in Psychology 12 565040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.565040","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.565040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783828260092-001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollmann J. Gorges J. Wild E. (2018). You will attain my goal: The structure of parental goals for children based on an adapted version of the aspirations index. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 34(1) 22\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000317","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","unstructured":"Hoover-Dempsey K. V. Sandler H. M. (2005). Final performance report for OERI Grant# R305T010673: The social context of parental involvement: A path to enhanced achievement. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1803\/7595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou X.-L. Becker N. Hu T.-Q. Koch M. Xi J.-Z. M\u00f5ttus R. (2022). Do grittier people have greater subjective well-being? A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 48(12) 1701\u20131716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01461672211053453","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672211053453"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang M.-H. Nam J. K. (2021). Enhancing Grit: Possibility and intervention strategies. In Van Zyl L. E. Olckers C. Van Der Vaart L. (Eds.) Multidisciplinary perspectives on Grit (pp. 77\u201393). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-57389-8_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-57389-8_5"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"Influence of parent\u2019s grit on student\u2019s grit and the effect of other social determinants upon the relation","volume":"11","author":"Joy K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joy K., Prathap V., Rajan A. P., Vandana V. S. (2020). Influence of parent\u2019s grit on student\u2019s grit and the effect of other social determinants upon the relation. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(2), 64\u201367.","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Positive Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koo T. K. Li M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine 15(2) 155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam K. K. L. Zhou M. (2022). Grit and academic achievement: A comparative cross-cultural meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology 114(3) 597\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/edu0000699","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000699"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan X. Marci T. Moscardino U. (2019). Parental autonomy support grit and psychological adjustment in Chinese adolescents from divorced families. Journal of Family Psychology 33(5) 511\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/fam0000514","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan X. Zhang L. (2019). Shields for emotional well-being in Chinese adolescents who switch schools: The role of teacher autonomy support and grit. Frontiers in Psychology 10 2384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02384","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Vigouroux S. Scola C. Raes M.-E. Mikolajczak M. Roskam I. (2017). The big five personality traits and parental burnout: Protective and risk factors. Personality and Individual Differences 119 216\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2017.07.023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li J. Zhao Y. Kong F. Du S. Yang S. Wang S. (2018). Psychometric assessment of the Short Grit Scale among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 36(3) 291\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734282916674858","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282916674858"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Little R. J. A. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association 83(404) 1198\u20131202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10\/gd23bv","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478722"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-019-01154-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Studies on the educational quality of schools. The final report on the DFG Priority Programme","author":"Lorenz F.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lorenz F., Wild E. (2007). Parental involvement in schooling: Results concerning its structure and impact. In Prenzel M., Allolio-N\u00e4cke L. (Eds.), Studies on the educational quality of schools. The final report on the DFG Priority Programme (pp. 299\u2013316). Waxmann."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08995605.2012.639672"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meschke L. L. Peter C. R. Bartholomae S. (2012). Developmentally appropriate practice to promote healthy adolescent development: Integrating research and practice. Child & Youth Care Forum 41(1) 89\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10566-011-9153-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-011-9153-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morell M. Yang J. S. Gladstone J. R. Turci Faust L. Ponnock A. R. Lim H. J. Wigfield A. (2020). Grit: The long and short of it. Journal of Educational Psychology 113(5) 1038\u20131058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10\/gk6h9z","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muenks K. Wigfield A. Yang J. S. O\u2019Neal C. R. (2017). How true is grit? Assessing its relations to high school and college students\u2019 personality characteristics self-regulation engagement and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology 109(5) 599\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/edu0000153","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n L. K., Muth\u00e9n B. O. (1998). Mplus 8.11.","journal-title":"Mplus 8.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics. (2023). Students with disabilities (Condition of Education. U.S.). Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences. https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/coe\/indicator\/cgg"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson S. K. Kushlev K. Lyubomirsky S. (2014). The pains and pleasures of parenting: When why and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being? Psychological Bulletin 140(3) 846\u2013895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0035444","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otterpohl N. Steffgen S. T. Stiensmeier-Pelster J. Brenning K. Soenens B. (2020). The intergenerational continuity of parental conditional regard and its role in mothers\u2019 and adolescents\u2019 contingent self-esteem and depressive symptoms. Social Development 29(1) 143\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sode.12391","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","unstructured":"Posit Team. (2023). RStudio: Integrated development environment for R (Version 2022.02.0) [Computer software]. Posit Software. http:\/\/www.posit.co\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Postigo \u00c1. Cuesta M. Fern\u00e1ndez-Alonso R. Garc\u00eda-Cueto E. Mu\u00f1iz J. (2020). Temporal stability of grit and school performance in adolescents: A longitudinal perspective. Educational Psychology 27(1) 77\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5093\/psed2021a4","DOI":"10.5093\/psed2021a4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preacher K. J. Hayes A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods Instruments & Computers 36(4) 717\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03206553","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206553"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prinzie P. Stams G. J. J. M. Dekovi\u0107 M. Reijntjes A. H. A. Belsky J. (2009). The relations between parents\u2019 Big Five personality factors and parenting: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97(2) 351\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0015823","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015823"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin S. Nelson L. McLeod L. Eremenco S. Coons S. J. (2019). Assessing test\u2013retest reliability of patient-reported outcome measures using intraclass correlation coefficients: Recommendations for selecting and documenting the analytical formula. Quality of Life Research 28(4) 1029\u20131033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-018-2076-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-2076-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhodes E. Giovannetti T. (2022). Grit and successful aging in older adults. Aging & Mental Health 26(6) 1253\u20131260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607863.2021.1919990","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2021.1919990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_1","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Handbook of individual differences in social behavior","author":"Roberts B. W.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roberts B. W., Jackson J. J., Fayard J. V., Edmonds G., Meints J. (2009). Conscientiousness. In Leary M. R., Hoyle R. H. (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 369\u2013381). The Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roskam I. Aguiar J. Akgun E. Arikan G. Artavia M. Avalosse H. Aunola K. Bader M. Bahati C. Barham E. J. Besson E. Beyers W. Boujut E. Brianda M. E. Brytek-Matera A. Carbonneau N. C\u00e9sar F. Chen B.-B. Dorard G. Mikolajczak M. (2021). Parental burnout around the globe: A 42-country study. Affective Science 2(1) 58\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42761-020-00028-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s42761-020-00028-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roskam I. Brianda M.-E. Mikolajczak M. (2018). A step forward in the conceptualization and measurement of parental burnout: The Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA). Frontiers in Psychology 9 758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00758","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00758"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roskam I. Gall\u00e9e L. Aguiar J. Akgun E. Arena A. Arikan G. Aunola K. Bader M. Barham E. J. Besson E. Beyers W. Boujut E. Brianda M. E. Brytek-Matera A. Carbonneau N. C\u00e9sar F. Chen B.-B. Dorard G. dos Santos Elias L. C. Mikolajczak M. (2022). Gender equality and maternal burnout: A 40-country study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 53(2) 157\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220221211072813","DOI":"10.1177\/00220221211072813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_1","first-page":"795","volume-title":"Developmental psychopathology: Theory and method","author":"Ryan R. M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ryan R. M., Deci E. L., Grolnick W. S., La Guardia J. G. (2006). The significance of autonomy and autonomy support in psychological development and psychopathology. In Cicchetti C., Cohen D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and method (pp. 795\u2013849). Wiley."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sameroff A. (2010). A unified theory of development: A dialectic integration of nature and nurture. Child Development 81(1) 6\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10\/dxbpz3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01378.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders M. R. (2008). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program as a public health approach to strengthening parenting. Journal of Family Psychology 22 506\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0893-3200.22.3.506","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.22.3.506"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt F. T. C. Fleckenstein J. Retelsdorf J. Eskreis-Winkler L. M\u00f6ller J. (2019). Measuring grit: A German validation and a domain-specific approach to grit. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 35(3) 436\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000407","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt F. T. C. Nagy G. Fleckenstein J. M\u00f6ller J. Retelsdorf J. (2018). Same same but different? Relations between facets of conscientiousness and grit: Relations between conscientiousness and grit. European Journal of Personality 32(6) 705\u2013720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/per.2171","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schofield T. J. Conger R. D. Donnellan M. B. Jochem R. Widaman K. F. Conger K. J. (2012). Parent personality and positive parenting as predictors of positive adolescent personality development over time. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 58(2) 255\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/mpq.2012.0008","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.2012.0008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steenkamp J. E. M. Baumgartner H. (1998). Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research 25(1) 78\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/209528","DOI":"10.1086\/209528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suh E. M. (2007). Downsides of an overly context-sensitive self: Implications from the culture and subjective well-being research. Journal of Personality 75(6) 1321\u20131343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2007.00477.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2007.00477.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swann W. B.Jr. Chang-Schneider C. Larsen McClarty K. (2007). Do people\u2019s self-views matter? Self-concept and self-esteem in everyday life. American Psychologist 62(2) 84\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.62.2.84","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.62.2.84"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang X. Upadyaya K. Salmela-Aro K. (2021). School burnout and psychosocial problems among adolescents: Grit as a resilience factor. Journal of Adolescence 86 77\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2020.12.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2020.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang X. Wang M.-T. Parada F. Salmela-Aro K. (2021). Putting the goal back into grit: Academic goal commitment grit and academic achievement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 50 470\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-020-01348-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-020-01348-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_1","unstructured":"Teuber Z. Datu J. A. D. Botes E. Dicke T. Jordan G. Guo J. Dragos I. Greiff S. (2024). Parental Grit Scale: Data and analysis codes. OSF. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/GV5EQ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_1","unstructured":"Teuber Z. Datu J. A. D. Botes E. Greiff S. (2024). The Parental Grit Scale: Conceptualizing and measuring parental grit. OSF Registries. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/4XPDF"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teuber Z. Gr\u00fcter S. Wang Q. Bobrowicz K. Su Y. Greiff S. (2024). The joys and sorrows of parenting: Parental burnout and parental involvement in Chinese and German parents from a demands-resources perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 55(1) 47\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220221231202731","DOI":"10.1177\/00220221231202731"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teuber Z. Sielemann L. Wild E. (2023). Facing academic problems: Longitudinal relations between parental involvement and student academic achievement from a self-determination perspective. British Journal of Educational Psychology 93 229\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjep.12551","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teuber Z. Wang Q. Su Y. Lohaus A. Nussbeck F. W. (2020). Human resources in Chinese youngsters\u2014A Chinese adaptation of the QARCA. Psychological Test Adaptation and Development 1(1) 12\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/2698-1866\/a000003","DOI":"10.1027\/2698-1866\/a000003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vansteenkiste M. Niemiec C. P. Soenens B. (2010). The development of the five mini-theories of self-determination theory: An historical overview emerging trends and future directions. In Urdan T. C. Karabenick S. A. (Eds.) Advances in motivation and achievement: Vol. The decade ahead: Theoretical perspectives on motivation and achievement (pp. 105\u2013165). Emerald Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/S0749-7423(2010)000016A007","DOI":"10.1108\/S0749-7423(2010)000016A007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_1","unstructured":"Venetz M. Zurbriggen C. L. Eckhart M. Schwab S. Hessels M. G. (2015). The perceptions of inclusion questionnaire (PIQ) [Deutsche Version]. Zugriff Unter. https:\/\/www.piqinfo.ch"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y. A. Rhemtulla M. (2021). Power analysis for parameter estimation in structural equation modeling: A discussion and tutorial. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 4(1) 251524592091825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2515245920918253","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245920918253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams W. C. Morelli S. A. Ong D. C. Zaki J. (2018). Interpersonal emotion regulation: Implications for affiliation perceived support relationships and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 115(2) 224\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspi0000132","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Won S. Lee Y. J. (2023). Adolescent students\u2019 grit: Do parents\u2019 grit and educational expectations matter? Contemporary Educational Psychology 72 102137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2022.102137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2022.102137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon M. Lai M. H. C. (2018). Testing factorial invariance with unbalanced samples. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 25(2) 201\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2017.1387859","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1387859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu Y. Hua L. Feng X. Wang Y. Yu Z. Zi T. Zhao Y. Li J. (2021). True grit in learning math: The math anxiety-achievement link is mediated by math-specific Grit. Frontiers in Psychology 12 645793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.645793","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.645793"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yupanqui-Lorenzo D. E. Becerra-Herrera W. A. Diaz-Leon I. Cardoza Sernaqu\u00e9 M. A. Olivera-Carhuaz E. S. (2024). Spanish Version of the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S): New evidence based on CFA and MIRT models in Peruvian University Students. Revista Fuentes 1(26) 109\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12795\/revistafuentes.2024.23182","DOI":"10.12795\/revistafuentes.2024.23182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B0820189"}],"container-title":["Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10731911241289242","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10731911241289242","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10731911241289242","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:12:23Z","timestamp":1777378343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10731911241289242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10731911241289242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10731911241289242","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1911","1552-3489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1911","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]]}}}