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Here, we modeled the trait constructs of the triarchic psychopathy framework (boldness, meanness, disinhibition) as latent factors, and then applied a modified GA to select items for assessing each using model-estimated factor scores as targets. Items for the new scales were selected from a separate construct-relevant inventory, the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment, based on their ability to efficiently index each triarchic factor, with consideration given to scale intercorrelations and item polarity. Structural and item response modeling methods were then used to refine the GA-selected item sets. The resultant EPA-Triarchic scales correlated highly with their target factor scores and exhibited stronger loadings than the pre-existing scale indicators when added into the model. This work, illustrating a GA approach to devising new scales for indexing latent factors, has broad potential applications in clinical assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911251376230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T11:09:28Z","timestamp":1758798568000},"page":"1091-1108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Creating Scale Measures of Latent Factors: A Genetic Algorithmic Approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5338-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey L.","family":"Lowman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American University, Washington, DC, USA"},{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9680-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rochelle A.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5759-0879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keanan J.","family":"Joyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget M.","family":"Bertoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA"},{"name":"Worcester Recovery Center and Hospital, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Patrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arbabshirani M. 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