{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T03:04:15Z","timestamp":1779246255795,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Assessment"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The present study sought to develop and validate a novel multidimensional assessment of substance use (SU) coping motives to manage trauma symptoms. In Study 1 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 326 trauma-exposed adults recruited from several online platforms), a set of questionnaire items was created and administered, and exploratory factor analysis was performed. A correlated four-factor structure represented by cognitive-affective motives, physiological motives, sleep motives, and social motives emerged. In Study 2 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 261 trauma-exposed adults recruited from ResearchMatch), confirmatory factor analysis cross-validated the correlated four-factor structure and additionally tested a five-factor higher-order structure. In tests of convergent, discriminant, and criterion validities, the subscales demonstrated differential correlations with previously validated measures of SU motives and positively correlated with higher PTSD symptom severity, functional impairment, and alcohol and drug use severity. The final 31-item Motives for Using Substances for Trauma Coping (MUST-Cope) Questionnaire offers a novel multifactorial measurement instrument to help researchers and clinicians assess and identify functional coping motives for SU that can be targeted in psychosocial treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911251403897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T14:49:24Z","timestamp":1766760564000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development and Validation of the Motives for Using Substances for Trauma Coping (MUST-Cope) Questionnaire: A Novel Multidimensional Scale to Assess Trauma-Specific Substance Use Coping Motives"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9659-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly E.","family":"Dixon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8035-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Lac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.23005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams S. W. Possemato K. Kuhn E. (2024). Identifying transdiagnostic and multidimensional prognostic indicators among veterans with PTSD symptoms in brief integrated care settings. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001809","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001809"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780199334513.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13915"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"The effect of standardization on a \u03c72 approximation in factor analysis","volume":"38","author":"Bartlett M. S.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Bartlett M. S. (1951). The effect of standardization on a \u03c72 approximation in factor analysis. Biometrika, 38, 337\u2013344.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1968140"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research","volume":"18","author":"Beavers A. S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beavers A. S., Lounsbury J. W., Richards J. K., Huck S. W., Skolits G. J., Esquivel S. L. (2019). Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 18(1), 6.","journal-title":"Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000430"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","author":"Berman A. H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Berman A. H., Bergman H., Palmstierna T., Schlyter F. (2003). DUDIT-E, the Drug Use Disorder Identification Test-E (Manual version, 1).","journal-title":"DUDIT-E, the Drug Use Disorder Identification Test-E"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2019.100199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/mi.2012.e13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1752"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0401_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","volume-title":"Reason and emotion in psychotherapy","author":"Ellis A.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Ellis A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Lyle Stuart."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2023.2260326"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of psychotherapy","author":"Foa E. B.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Foa E. B., Jaycox L. H. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral theory and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In Spiegel D. (Ed.), Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of psychotherapy (pp. 23\u201361). American Psychiatric Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801288-8.00011-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: Using the SPSS R-Menu 2.0 to make more judicious estimations","volume":"18","author":"Gordon M. G. R.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gordon M. G. R. (2013). Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: Using the SPSS R-Menu 2.0 to make more judicious estimations. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 18, 1\u201314.","journal-title":"Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","volume-title":"Factor analysis","author":"Gorsuch R. L.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gorsuch R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-016-9449-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035878"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.70008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20753"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2015.1087664"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291575"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2021.1901177"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229709030550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315803753"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001232"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001577"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000538"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.1805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-023-01068-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000569"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(94)90024-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294825"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2006.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2012.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4069\/kjwhn.2023.06.14.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3703-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106549"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702618809370"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.60.5.748"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2001.0162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838020946800"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23761407.2016.1166845"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2021). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/rpt35319\/2020NSDUHFFR1PDFW102121.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-019-00176-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","volume-title":"NIDA-modified alcohol, smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2016","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2016, February 25). NIDA-modified alcohol, smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test. National Institutes of Health."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v6.27632"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2014.901300"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_1","unstructured":"Weathers F. W. Blake D. D. Schnurr P. P. Kaloupek D. G. Marx B. P. Keane T. M. (2013). The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_1","unstructured":"Weathers F. W. Litz B. T. Keane T. M. Palmieri P. A. Marx B. P. Schnurr P. P. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838008315869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_1","volume-title":"International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.).","edition":"11"}],"container-title":["Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10731911251403897","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10731911251403897","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10731911251403897","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:12:51Z","timestamp":1777378371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10731911251403897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10731911251403897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10731911251403897","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1911","1552-3489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1911","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"article-number":"10731911251403897"}}