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This study aims to develop and validate the Beijing Normal University Diagnostic Tool for Chinese Mandarin Developmental Dyslexia (BNU-DTCMDD), a DD diagnostic tool with regression-based norms for elementary school students in mainland China. A nationally representative sample of 3,782 first-to-sixth-grade students and a clinical sample of 84 first-to-sixth-grade students diagnosed with specific learning disabilities (SLD) were administered the BNU-DTCMDD, comprising six tasks that measure reading abilities and related cognitive skills. The tool demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 .73\u2013.99), good test\u2013retest reliability (Pearson\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    .68\u2013.99), good structural validity, and reasonable criterion validity (Cohen\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.27\u20130.63). Norms were established using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS), yielding percentile curves and Z-scores. Based on the norms, the prevalence of DD was 6.08% in the normative sample and 73.81% in the clinical sample with SLD. The BNU-DTCMDD can diagnose DD in elementary school students in mainland China with good reliability and validity, and its regression-based norms overcome the statistical constraints of traditional norming and support timely diagnosis and intervention for DD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911251406404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:26:34Z","timestamp":1767198394000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Toward Digital Assessment of Developmental Dyslexia in Mainland China: Establishing Nationwide Norms With a GAMLSS Approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Institute of Children\u2019s Reading and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiuju","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Center on China\u2019s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Research Center of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3472-9102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Institute of Children\u2019s Reading and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &amp; IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueqin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Institute of Children\u2019s Reading and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8569-9468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Institute of Children\u2019s Reading and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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