{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T06:17:57Z","timestamp":1794205077190,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010077","name":"Eastern Illinois University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025 Summer Research Grant from the Council on Fac"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025 Summer Research Grant from the Council on Fac"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010077","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Assessment"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2013Fifth Edition (WAIS-5) latent factor structure was assessed using complementary hierarchical exploratory factor analyses (EFA) with the Schmid and Leiman procedure and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) using the standardization sample (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2,020) correlation matrix and descriptive statistics of the 20 primary and secondary WAIS-5 subtests. The WAIS-5 Technical and Interpretive Manual did not include EFA, CFA with fewer than five first-order (group) factors, CFA with rival bifactor models, or model-based reliability and dimensionality estimates; thus, the present independent structural validity assessment corrects this evidential lacuna to help guide ethical and evidence-based interpretation. EFA results did not support five latent factors with separate Visual Spatial and Fluid Reasoning factors. Instead, a four-factor model with Visual Spatial and Fluid Reasoning factors merged into the former Perceptual Reasoning factor and measurement dominated by a general intelligence (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) factor\u2014similar to the WAIS-IV structure\u2014was supported. CFA results indicated that a bifactor model with four group factors provided the best fit, consistent with the EFA findings. Overall, the EFA and CFA results did not support the purported WAIS-5 structure and instead replicated findings from independent assessments of the WISC-V with standardization and clinical samples, that indicated primary, if not exclusive, interpretation of the FSIQ as an estimate of psychometric\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911251412219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T08:48:01Z","timestamp":1771231681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Construct Validity of the WAIS- 5: Complementary Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses of the 20 Primary and Secondary Subtests"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5347-6534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary L.","family":"Canivez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6352-7174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marley W.","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5138-0694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan J.","family":"McGill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of School Psychology and Counselor Education, William &amp; Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8057-3751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan C.","family":"Dombrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Graduate Education, Leadership, and Counseling, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfonso V. C. Oakland T. D. LaRocca R. Spanakos A. (2000). The course on individual cognitive assessment. School Psychology Review 29 52\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02796015.2000.12085997","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2000.12085997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","first-page":"326","volume-title":"Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues","author":"Alfonso V. C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Alfonso V. C., Pratt S. I. (1997). Issues and suggestions for training professionals in assessing intelligence. In Flanagan D. P., Genshaft J. L., Harrison P. L. (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues (pp. 326\u2013347). Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","volume-title":"Standards for educational and psychological testing","author":"American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education","year":"2014","unstructured":"American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. American Educational Research Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartlett M. S. (1954). A further note on the multiplying factors for various chi-square approximations in factor analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B 16 296\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1954.tb00174.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1954.tb00174.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Adopting a new test edition: Psychometric and practical considerations","volume":"3","author":"Beaujean A. A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beaujean A. A. (2015a). Adopting a new test edition: Psychometric and practical considerations. Research and Practice in the Schools, 3, 51\u201357.","journal-title":"Research and Practice in the Schools"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaujean A. A. (2015b). John Carroll\u2019s views on intelligence: Bi-factor vs. higher-order models. Journal of Intelligence 3 121\u2013136. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jintelligence3040121","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence3040121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaujean A. A. Parkin J. Parker S. (2014). Comparing Cattell-Horn-Carroll factor models: Differences between bifactor and higher order factor models in predicting language achievement. Psychological Assessment 26 789\u2013805. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0036745","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036745"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belter R. W. Piotrowski C. (2001). Current status of doctoral-level training in psychological testing. Journal of Clinical Psychology 57 717\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.1044","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.1044"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benson N. F. Floyd R. G. Kranzler J. H. Eckert T. L. Fefer S. A. Morgan G. B. (2019). Test use and assessment practices of school psychologists in the United States: Findings from the 2017 national survey. Journal of School Psychology 72 29\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsp.2018.12.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2018.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benson N. F. Hulac D. M. Kranzler J. H. (2010). Independent examination of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2013Fourth Edition (WAIS\u2013IV): What does the WAIS\u2013IV measure? Psychological Assessment 22(1) 121\u2013130. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0017767","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017767"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","volume-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","author":"Brown T. A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunner M. Nagy G. Wilhelm O. (2012). A tutorial on hierarchically structured constructs. Journal of Personality 80 796\u2013846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2011.00749.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2011.00749.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnham K. P. Anderson D. R. (2004). Multimodel inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociological Methods & Research 33 261\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0049124104268644","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124104268644"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling with EQS","author":"Byrne B. M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Byrne B. M. (2006). Structural equation modeling with EQS (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camara W. J. Nathan J. S. Puente A. E. (2000). Psychological test usage: Implications in professional psychology. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 31(2) 141\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0735-7028.31.2.141","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0735-7028.31.2.141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","first-page":"684","volume-title":"The eighteenth mental measurements yearbook","author":"Canivez G. L.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Canivez G. L. (2010). Test review of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test\u2013Fourth Edition. In Spies R. A., Carlson J. F., Geisinger K. F. (Eds.), The eighteenth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 684\u2013688). Buros Institute of Mental Measurements."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canivez G. L. (2013). Incremental validity of WAIS\u2013IV factor index scores: Relationships with WIAT\u2013II and WIAT\u2013III subtest and composite scores. Psychological Assessment 25(92) 484\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0032092","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","first-page":"732","volume-title":"The nineteenth mental measurements yearbook","author":"Canivez G. L.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Canivez G. L. (2014). Test review of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence\u2013Fourth Edition. In Carlson J. F., Geisinger K. F., Jonson J. L. (Eds.), The nineteenth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 732\u2013737). Buros Center for Testing."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Principles and methods of test construction: Standards and recent advancements","author":"Canivez G. L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Canivez G. L. (2016). Bifactor modeling in construct validation of multifactored tests: Implications for understanding multidimensional constructs and test interpretation. In Schweizer K., DiStefano C. (Eds.), Principles and methods of test construction: Standards and recent advancements (pp. 247\u2013271). Hogrefe."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9798881843250-chapter1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canivez G. L. Dombrowski S. C. Watkins M. W. (2018). Factor structure of the WISC\u2013V for four standardization age groups: Exploratory and hierarchical factor analyses with the 16 primary and secondary subtests. Psychology in the Schools 55 741\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pits.22138","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.22138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canivez G. L. Kush J. C. (2013). WISC\u2013IV and WAIS\u2013IV structural validity: Alternate methods alternate results. Commentary on Weiss et al. (2013a) and Weiss et al. (2013b). Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 31(2) 157\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734282913478036","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282913478036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canivez G. L. McGill R. J. Dombrowski S. C. Watkins M. W. Pritchard A. E. Jacobson L. A. (2020). Construct validity of the WISC\u2013V in clinical cases: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the 10 primary subtests. Assessment 27(2) 274\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191118811609","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191118811609"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canivez G. L. Watkins M. W. (2010a). Investigation of the factor structure of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS\u2013IV): Exploratory and higher order factor analyses. Psychological Assessment 22(4) 827\u2013836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0020429","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020429"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canivez G. L. Watkins M. W. (2010b). Exploratory and higher-order factor analyses of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS\u2013IV) adolescent subsample. School Psychology Quarterly 25 223\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0022046","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394259397.ch20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canivez G. L. Watkins M. W. Dombrowski S. C. (2016). Factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition: Exploratory factor analyses with the 16 primary and secondary subtests. Psychological Assessment 28 975\u2013986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000238","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000238"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canivez G. L. Watkins M. W. Dombrowski S. C. (2017). Structural validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition: Confirmatory factor analyses with the 16 primary and secondary subtests. Psychological Assessment 29 458\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000358","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canivez G. L. Youngstrom E. A. (2019). Challenges to the Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory: Empirical clinical and policy implications. Applied Measurement in Education 32(2) 232\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08957347.2019.1619562","DOI":"10.1080\/08957347.2019.1619562"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511571312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroll J. B. (1995). On methodology in the study of cognitive abilities. Multivariate Behavioral Research 30 429\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327906mbr3003_6","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3003_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008043793-4\/50036-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cattell R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1 245\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327906mbr0102_10","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr0102_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling 14 464\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705510701301834","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung G. W. Rensvold R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling 9 233\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","volume-title":"The essentials of factor analysis","author":"Child D.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Child D. (2006). The essentials of factor analysis (3rd ed.). Continuum.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho E. Kim S. (2015). Cronbach\u2019s coefficient alpha: Well known but poorly understood. Organizational Research Methods 18(2) 207\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094428114555994","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428114555994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford A. V. Green S. B. Levy R. Lo W. J. Scott L. Svetina D. Thompson M. S. (2010). Evaluation of parallel analysis methods for determining the number of factors. Educational and Psychological Measurement 70 885\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164410379332","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164410379332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cucina J. M. Byle K. (2017). The bifactor model fits better than the higher-order model in more than 90% of comparisons for mental abilities test batteries. Journal of Intelligence 5(27) 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jintelligence5030027","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence5030027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dombrowski S. C. (2025). Contributing to the reproducibility crisis in Psychology: The role of statistical software choice on factor analysis. Journal of School Psychology 110 Article 101462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsp.2025.101462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2025.101462"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dombrowski S. C. Canivez G. L. Watkins M. W. (2018). Factor structure of the 10 WISC\u2013V primary subtests across four standardization age groups. Contemporary School Psychology 22 90\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40688-017-0125-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s40688-017-0125-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dombrowski S. C. McGill R. J. (2024). Clinical assessment in school psychology: Impervious to scientific reform? Canadian Journal of School Psychology 39(4) 297\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08295735231224052","DOI":"10.1177\/08295735231224052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dombrowski S. C. McGill R. J. Canivez G. L. Watkins M. W. Pritchard A. E. Jacobson L. A. (2025). Conjectures and refutations in cognitive ability structural validity research: Insights from Bayesian structural equation modeling. Journal of School Psychology 110 Article 101432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsp.2025.101432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2025.101432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dombrowski S. C. McGill R. J. Morgan G. B. (2021). Monte Carlo modeling of contemporary intelligence test (IQ) factor structure: Implications for IQ assessment interpretation and theory. Assessment 28(3) 977\u2013993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191119869828","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191119869828"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dombrowski S. C. J. McGill R. Farmer R. L. Kranzler J. H. Canivez G. L. (2022). Beyond the rhetoric of evidence-based assessment: A framework for critical thinking in clinical practice. School Psychology Review 51(6) 771\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2372966x.2021.1960126","DOI":"10.1080\/2372966X.2021.1960126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frazier T. W. Youngstrom E. A. (2007). Historical increase in the number of factors measured by commercial tests of cognitive ability: Are we overfactoring? Intelligence 35 169\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intell.2006.07.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2006.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frisby C. L. Beaujean A. A. (2015). Testing Spearman's hypotheses using a bi-factor model with WAIS\u2013IV\/WMS\u2013IV standardization data. Intelligence 51 79\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intell.2015.04.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2015.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Higher-order models versus direct hierarchical models: G as superordinate or breadth factor?","volume":"50","author":"Gignac G.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gignac G. (2008). Higher-order models versus direct hierarchical models: G as superordinate or breadth factor? Psychology Science Quarterly, 50, 21\u201343.","journal-title":"Psychology Science Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gignac G. E. (2005). Revisiting the factor structure of the WAIS-R: Insights through nested factor modeling. Assessment 12 320\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191105278118","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191105278118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gignac G. E. (2006). The WAIS-III as a nested factors model: A useful alternative to the more conventional oblique and higher-order models. Journal of Individual Differences 27 73\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1614-0001.27.2.73","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-0001.27.2.73"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gignac G. E. (2016). The higher-order model imposes a proportionality constraint: That is why the bifactor model tends to fit better. Intelligence 55 57\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intell.2016.01.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gignac G. E. Watkins M. W. (2013). Bifactor modeling and the estimation of model-based reliability in the WAIS-IV. Multivariate Behavioral Research 48 639\u2013662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00273171.2013.804398","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2013.804398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glorfeld L. W. (1995). An improvement on Horn\u2019s parallel analysis methodology for selecting the correct number of factors to retain. Educational and Psychological Measurement 55 377\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164495055003002","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164495055003002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glutting J. J. Watkins M. W. Konold T. R. McDermott P. A. (2006). Distinctions without a difference: The utility of observed versus latent factors from the WISC-IV in estimating reading and math achievement on the WIAI-II. Journal of Special Education 40 103\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00224669060400020101","DOI":"10.1177\/00224669060400020101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goh D. S. Teslow C. J. Fuller G. B. (1981). The practice of psychological assessment among school psychologists. Professional Psychology 12 696\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0735-7028.12.6.696","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0735-7028.12.6.696"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","volume-title":"EGAnet: Exploratory graph analysis\u2014A framework for estimating the number of dimensions in multivariate data using network psychometrics","author":"Golino H.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Golino H., Christensen A. P., Garrido L. E., Jamison L. (2022). EGAnet: Exploratory graph analysis\u2014A framework for estimating the number of dimensions in multivariate data using network psychometrics (Version 1.2.3). R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","volume-title":"Factor analysis","author":"Gorsuch R. L.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gorsuch R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green S. B. Hershberger S. L. (2000). Correlated errors in true score models and their effect on coefficient alpha. Structural Equation Modeling 7(2) 251\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15328007SEM0702_6","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0702_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu H. Wen Z. Fan X. (2017). Examining and controlling for wording effect in a self-report measure: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 24(4) 545\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2017.1286228","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1286228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gustafsson J.-E. Balke G. (1993). General and specific abilities as predictors of school achievement. Multivariate Behavioral Research 28 407\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327906mbr2804_2","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2804_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling: Present and future","author":"Hancock G. R.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hancock G. R., Mueller R. O. (2001). Rethinking construct reliability within latent variable systems. In Cudeck R., Du Toit S., Sorbom D. (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: Present and future (pp. 195\u2013216). Scientific Software International."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horn J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrica 30 179\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02289447","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu L.-T. Bentler P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 5 1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutton J. B. Dubes R. Muir S. (1992). Assessment practices of school psychologists: Ten years later. School Psychology Review 21 271\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02796015.1992.12085614","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1992.12085614"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2024","unstructured":"IBM Corp. (2024). IBM SPSS statistics for Macintosh (version 29.0) [Computer software].","journal-title":"IBM SPSS statistics for Macintosh"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivnik R. J. Malec J. F. Smith G. E. Tangalos E. G. Petersen R. C. Kokmen E. Kurland L. T. (1992). Mayo\u2019s older Americans normative studies: Updated AVLT norms for ages 56 to 97. Clinical Neuropsychologist 6(Suppl) 83\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854049208401880","DOI":"10.1080\/13854049208401880"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaiser H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement 20 141\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001316446002000116","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaiser H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika 39 31\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02291575","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291575"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","volume-title":"Intelligent testing with the WISC\u2013III","author":"Kaufman A. S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kaufman A. S. (1994). Intelligent testing with the WISC\u2013III. Wiley."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","author":"Kaufman A. S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kaufman A. S., Lichtenberger E. O. (2000). Essentials of WISC\u2013III and WPPSI\u2013R assessment. Wiley.","journal-title":"Essentials of WISC\u2013III and WPPSI\u2013R assessment"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_1","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline R. B.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kline R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_1","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline R. B.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kline R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kranzler J. H. Benson N. Floyd R. G. (2015). Using estimated factor scores from a bifactor analysis to examine the unique effects of the latent variables measured by the WAIS-IV on academic achievement. Psychological Assessment 27(4) 1402\u20131416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000119","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kush J. C. Spring M. B. Barkand J. (2011). Advances in the assessment of cognitive skills using computer-based measurement. Behavior Research Methods 44(1) 125\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-011-0136-2","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0136-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_1","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Doctrine, verity and fable in organizational and social sciences","author":"Landis R. S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Landis R. S., Edwards B. D., Corina J. M. (2009). On the practice of allowing correlated residuals among indicators in structural equation models. In Lance C. E., Vandenberg R. J. (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Doctrine, verity and fable in organizational and social sciences (pp. 193\u2013215). Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Little T. D. Lindenberger U. Nesselroade J. R. (1999). On selecting indicators for multivariate measurement and modeling with latent variables: When \u201cgood\u201d indicators are bad and \u201cbad\u201d indicators are good. Psychological Methods 4 192\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.4.2.192","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.4.2.192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacCallum R. Roznowski M. Necowitz L. B. (1992). Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: The problem of capitalization on chance. Psychological Bulletin 111(3) 490\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0033-2909.111.3.490","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.111.3.490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansolf M. Reise S. P. (2017). When and why the second-order and bifactor models are distinguishable. Intelligence 61 120\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intell.2017.01.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2017.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald R. P. (2010). Structural models and the art of approximation. Perspectives on Psychological Science 5 675\u2013686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691610388766","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610388766"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald R. P. Ho M.-H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods 7 64\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/1082-989X.7.1.64","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.64"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGill R. J. Dombrowski S. C. Canivez G. L. (2025). Beyond primary assessment on the WISC\u2013V: An investigation of the structural validity of the ancillary scores. Psychology in the Schools 62 2164\u20132177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pits.23457","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.23457"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan G. B. Hodge K. J. Wells K. E. Watkins M. W. (2015). Are fit indices biased in favor of bi-factor models in cognitive ability research?: A comparison of fit in correlated factors higher-order and bi-factor models via Monte Carlo simulations. Journal of Intelligence 3 2\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jintelligence3010002","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence3010002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray A. L. Johnson W. (2013). The limitations of model fit in comparing the bi-factor versus higher-order models of human cognitive ability structure. Intelligence 41 407\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intell.2013.06.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2013.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_1","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n L. K., Muth\u00e9n B. O. (2021). Mplus user\u2019s guide (8th ed.).","edition":"8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najera P. Abad F. J. Sorrel M. A. (2025). Is exploratory factor analysis always to be preferred? A systematic comparison of factor analytic techniques throughout the confirmatory-exploratory continuum. Psychological Methods 30(1) 16\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000579","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000579"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasser F. Benson J. Wisenbaker J. (2002). The performance of regression\u2013based variations of the visual scree for determining the number of common factors. Educational and Psychological Measurement 62 397\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00164402062003001","DOI":"10.1177\/00164402062003001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_1","author":"NCS Pearson","year":"2009","unstructured":"NCS Pearson. (2009). Wechsler Individual Achievement Test\u2014Third edition.","journal-title":"Wechsler Individual Achievement Test\u2014Third edition"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson J. M. Canivez G. L. Watkins M. W. (2013). Structural and incremental validity of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS\u2013IV) with a clinical sample. Psychological Assessment 25(2) 618\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0032086","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer\u2019s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods Instruments & Computers 32 396\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03200807","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfeiffer S. I. Reddy L. A. Kletzel J. E. Schmelzer E. R. Boyer L. M. (2000). The practitioner\u2019s view of IQ testing and profile analysis. School Psychology Quarterly 15 376\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0088795","DOI":"10.1037\/h0088795"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_1","author":"Psychological Corporation","year":"2002","unstructured":"Psychological Corporation. (2002). Wechsler Individual Achievement Test\u2014Second edition.","journal-title":"Wechsler Individual Achievement Test\u2014Second edition"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reise S. P. (2012). The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivariate Behavioral Research 47 667\u2013696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00273171.2012.715555","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2012.715555"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reise S. P. Bonifay W. E. Haviland M. G. (2013). Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. Journal of Personality Assessment 95 129\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2012.725437","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2012.725437"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_1","first-page":"329","volume-title":"Handbook of structural equation modeling","author":"Reise S. P.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reise S. P., Mansolf M., Haviland M. G. (2023). Bifactor measurement models. In Hoyle R. H. (Ed.), Handbook of structural equation modeling (2nd ed., pp. 329\u2013348). Guilford Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reise S. P. Moore T. M. Haviland M. G. (2010). Bifactor models and rotations: Exploring the extent to which multidimensional data yield univocal scale scores. Journal of Personality Assessment 92 544\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2010.496477","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2010.496477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez A. Reise S. P. Haviland M. G. (2016a). Applying bifactor statistical indices in the evaluation of psychological measures. Journal of Personality Assessment 98(3) 223\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2015.1089249","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2015.1089249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez A. Reise S. P. Haviland M. G. (2016b). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods 21(2) 137\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000045","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid J. Leiman J. M. (1957). The development of hierarchical factor solutions. Psychometrika 22 53\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02289209","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sellbom M. Tellegen A. (2019). Factor analysis in psychological assessment research: Common pitfalls and recommendations. Psychological Assessment 31(12) 1428\u20131441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000623","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_1","volume-title":"The abilities of man","author":"Spearman C.","year":"1927","unstructured":"Spearman C. (1927). The abilities of man. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stinnett T. A. Havey J. M. Oehler-Stinnett J. (1994). Current test usage by practicing school psychologists: A national survey. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 12 331\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/073428299401200403","DOI":"10.1177\/073428299401200403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudarshan N. J. Bowden S. C. (2023). Common factor structure of the ten subtest Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition in a clinical sample and 15 subtest version in the standardization sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 38(8) 1646\u20131658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acad035","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acad035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_1","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick B. G.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tabachnick B. G., Fidell L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.","edition":"7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_1","volume-title":"Multiple-factor analysis","author":"Thurstone L. L.","year":"1947","unstructured":"Thurstone L. L. (1947). Multiple-factor analysis. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velicer W. F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika 41 321\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02293557","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02293557"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watkins C. E.Jr Campbell V. L. Nieberding R. Hallmark R. (1995). Contemporary practice of psychological assessment by clinical psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 26 54\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0735-7028.26.1.54","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0735-7028.26.1.54"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_1","volume-title":"MacOrtho","author":"Watkins M. W.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Watkins M. W. (2004). MacOrtho [Computer software]. Ed & Psych Associates."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_1","volume-title":"SEscree","author":"Watkins M. W.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Watkins M. W. (2007). SEscree [Computer software]. Ed & Psych Associates."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_1","volume-title":"Omega","author":"Watkins M. W.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Watkins M. W. (2013). Omega [Computer software]. Ed & Psych Associates."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watkins M. W. (2017). The reliability of multidimensional neuropsychological measures: From alpha to omega. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 31 1113\u20131126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2017.1317364","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2017.1317364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watkins M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology 44 219\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095798418771807","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798418771807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watkins M. W. Canivez G. L. (2022). Assessing the psychometric utility of IQ scores: A tutorial using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2013Fifth Edition. School Psychology Review 51(5) 619\u2013633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2372966X.2020.1816804","DOI":"10.1080\/2372966X.2020.1816804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watkins M. W. Canivez G. L. Dombrowski S. C. McGill R. J. Pritchard A. E. Holingue C. B. Jacobson L. A. (2022). Long-term stability of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2013Fifth Edition scores in a clinical sample. Applied Neuropsychology: Child 11(3) 422\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21622965.2021.1875827","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2021.1875827"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watkins M. W. Dombrowski S. C. Canivez G. L. (2018). Reliability and factorial validity of the Canadian Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2013Fifth Edition. International Journal of School and Educational Psychology 6 252\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21683603.2017.1342580","DOI":"10.1080\/21683603.2017.1342580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_1","article-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2013fourth edition:","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wechsler D. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2013fourth edition: Technical and interpretive manual. Psychological Corporation.","journal-title":"Technical and interpretive manual"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2014Fourth Edition","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wechsler D. (2008a). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2014Fourth Edition. Pearson."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2014Fourth Edition: Technical and interpretive manual","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wechsler D. (2008b). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2014Fourth Edition: Technical and interpretive manual. Pearson."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wechsler D. (2014a). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition. NCS Pearson."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition: Technical and interpretive manual","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wechsler D. (2014b). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition: Technical and interpretive manual. NCS Pearson."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wechsler D. (2024). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (5th ed.).","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Technical and interpretive manual","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wechsler D., Raiford S. E., Presnell K. (2024). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Technical and interpretive manual (5th ed.). NCS Pearson.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiner I. B. (1989). On competence and ethicality in psychodiagnostic assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment 53(4) 827\u2013831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327752jpa5304_18","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5304_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss L. G. Keith T. Z. Zhu J. Chen H. (2013a). WAIS\u2013IV and clinical validation of the four- and five-factor interpretative approaches. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 31(2) 94\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734282913478030","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282913478030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss L. G. Keith T. Z. Zhu J. Chen H. (2013b). WISC\u2013IV and clinical validation of the four- and five-factor interpretative approaches. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 31(2) 114\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734282913478032","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282913478032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood J. M. Tataryn D. J. Gorsuch R. L. (1996). Effects of under- and overextraction on principal axis factor analysis with varimax rotation. Psychological Methods 1 254\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.1.4.354","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.4.354"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinbarg R. E. Revelle W. Yovel I. Li W. (2005). Cronbach\u2019s alpha Revelle\u2019s beta and McDonald\u2019s omega h: Their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Psychometrika 70 123\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11336-003-0974-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-003-0974-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinbarg R. E. Yovel I. Revelle W. McDonald R. P. (2006). Estimating generalizability to a latent variable common to all of a scale\u2019s indicators: A comparison of estimators for h. Applied Psychological Measurement 30 121\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146621605278814","DOI":"10.1177\/0146621605278814"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoski K. W. Jurs S. (1996). An objective counterpart to the visual scree test for factor analysis: The standard error scree. Educational and Psychological Measurement 56 443\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164496056003006","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164496056003006"}],"container-title":["Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10731911251412219","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10731911251412219","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10731911251412219","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:12:54Z","timestamp":1777378374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10731911251412219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"references-count":128,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10731911251412219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10731911251412219","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1911","1552-3489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1911","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"article-number":"10731911251412219"}}