{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:35:03Z","timestamp":1777440903448,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Assessment"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, this study systematically reviews the reliability and validity evidence of two prominent sentence completion tests (SCT): the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) and the Washington University Sentence Completion Test (WUSCT). SCTs have often been conceptualized as projective tests and summarily dismissed as lacking efficacy in psychological assessment, though this characterization is not entirely accurate. Conceptually and methodologically, SCTs are more aptly characterized as performance-based measures. Interest in potential applications of SCTs with clinical populations continues to persist. This review incorporated 51 studies conducted in the United States that met rigorous reliability and validity criteria. Although there is evidence to support the reliability and validity of the RISB and WUSCT, results vary widely depending on sample characteristics (e.g., age, race\/ethnicity), study context, and the purpose of score interpretations examined in the study. Therefore, practitioners who utilize results from SCTs should consider these characteristics when engaging in interpretation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911261430262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T04:44:37Z","timestamp":1774932277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sentence Completion Tests With an Empirical Foundation: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6440-5525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Coleman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cassie","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Pettit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4894-7127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenzie","family":"Billeiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA"},{"name":"Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Waco, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8180-4243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8057-3751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Dombrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"The parenting stress index","author":"Abidin R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abidin R., Flens J. R., Austin W. G. (2006). The parenting stress index. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1971(81)80035-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02139142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","volume-title":"Standards for educational and psychological testing","author":"American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education","year":"2014","unstructured":"American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. American Educational Research Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6401_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0042947"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1988.tb00902.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0091651X.1970.10380293"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin G. A. H. Beck C. J. A. Shaw M. Geffner R. (2017). Family evaluation in custody litigation (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0000024-000","DOI":"10.1037\/0000024-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2018.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","volume-title":"The assessment of qualitative and structural dimensions of object representation","author":"Blatt S. J.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Blatt S. J., Chevron E. S., Quinlan D. M., Wem S. (1981). The assessment of qualitative and structural dimensions of object representation [Unpublished manuscript]. Yale University."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bornstein R. F. (2011). Toward a process-focused model of test score validity: Improving psychological assessment in science and practice. Psychological Assessment 23(2) 532\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0022402","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022402"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","first-page":"796","article-title":"Adolescent suicidality: A clinical-developmental approach","volume":"30","author":"*Borst S. R.","year":"1991","unstructured":"*Borst S. R., Noam G. G., Bartok J. A. (1991). Adolescent suicidality: A clinical-developmental approach. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(5), 796\u2013803.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briscoe S. Abbott R. Lawal H. Shaw L. Thompson Coon J. (2023). Feasibility and desirability of screening search results from Google Search exhaustively for systematic reviews: A cross-case analysis. Research Synthesis Methods 14(3) 427\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.1622","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1622"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1961.tb01666.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell D. T. Fiske D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin 56(2) 81. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0046016","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caselli R. J. Dueck A. C. Locke D. E. C. Sabbagh M. N. Ahern G. L. Rapcsak S. Z. Reiman E. M. (2016). Impact of personality on cognitive aging: A prospective cohort study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 22(7) 765\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617716000527","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617716000527"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0048744"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","unstructured":"Covidence. (2023). Covidence systematic review software. Veritas Health Innovation. https:\/\/www.covidence.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cronbach L. J. Shavelson R. J. (2004). My current thoughts on coefficient alpha and successor procedures. Educational and Psychological Measurement 64(3) 391\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164404266386","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164404266386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017953126778"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","author":"Derogatis L. R.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Derogatis L. R. (1993). Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, scoring and procedures manual. National Computer Systems.","journal-title":"Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, scoring and procedures manual"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dombrowski S. C. (2020). Psychoeducational assessment and report writing (2nd ed.). Springer Nature. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-44641-3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-44641-3_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dombrowski S. C. McGill R. J. Farmer R. L. Kranzler J. H. Canivez G. L. (2022). Beyond the rhetoric of evidence-based assessment: A framework for critical thinking in clinical practice. School Psychology Review 51(6) 771\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2372966X.2021.1960126","DOI":"10.1080\/2372966X.2021.1960126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dombrowski S. C. Watkins M. W. McGill R. J. Canivez G. L. Holingue C. Pritchard A. E. Jacobson L. A. (2021). Measurement invariance of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fifth Edition 10-subtest primary battery: Can index scores be compared across age sex and diagnostic groups? Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 39(1) 89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734282920954583","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282920954583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","author":"Durost W.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Durost W., Bixler H., Wrightstone J., Prescott G., Balow I. (1970). Metropolitan achievement tests, Primary I, Form F. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.","journal-title":"Metropolitan achievement tests, Primary I, Form F"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Reoperationalising adaptive regression during hypnosis","volume":"23","author":"*Edwards L.","year":"2002","unstructured":"*Edwards L., Sapp M. (2002). Reoperationalising adaptive regression during hypnosis. Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis, 23(2), 115.","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.85.5.505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank L. K. (1939). Projective methods for the study of personality. The Journal of Psychology 8(2) 389\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223980.1939.9917671","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1939.9917671"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Handbook of psychological and educational assessment of children: Personality, behavior, and context","author":"Frick P. J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Frick P. J., Loney B. R. (2000). Issues in clinical assessment with children and adolescents. In Reynolds C. R., Fletcher-Janzen E. (Eds.), Handbook of psychological and educational assessment of children: Personality, behavior, and context (pp. 83\u2013112). Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4605_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0091651X.1967.10120370"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","volume-title":"Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI)","author":"Gerard A. B.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gerard A. B. (1994). Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI). Western Psychological Services."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","volume-title":"The Class Wheel: A sociometric index","author":"Gesten E.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gesten E. (1979). The Class Wheel: A sociometric index [Unpublished manuscript]. University of Rochester."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","volume-title":"CPI manual","author":"Gough H. G.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Gough H. G. (1957). CPI manual. Consulting Psychologists Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","volume-title":"The adjective check list manual","author":"Gough H. G.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Gough H. G., Heilbrun A. B.Jr. (1965). The adjective check list manual. Consulting Psychologists Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","volume-title":"Clinical epidemiology: How to do clinical practice research","author":"Haynes R. B.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haynes R. B. (2012). Clinical epidemiology: How to do clinical practice research. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1987.12085288"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holaday M. Smith D. A. Sherry A. (2000). Sentence completion tests: a review of the literature and results of a survey of members of the Society for Personality Assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment 74(3) 371\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327752JPA7403_3","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA7403_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.39.5.909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","volume-title":"Ego development and conformity behaviors","author":"Hoppe C. F.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Hoppe C. F. (1973). Ego development and conformity behaviors [Doctoral dissertation]. ProQuest Information & Learning."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4105_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(92)90071-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1958.4.3.335"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorgenson J. (2017). Washington University Sentence Completion Test. In Zeigler-Hill V. Shackelford T. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences (pp. 1\u20134). Springer Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8_959-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8_959-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(196307)19:3<314::AID-JCLP2270190318>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02089059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5303_17"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","article-title":"Changing college student norms on the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank","volume":"49","author":"*Lah M. I.","year":"1981","unstructured":"*Lah M. I., Rotter J. B. (1981). Changing college student norms on the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49(6), Article 985.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00447.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6978.2010.tb00100.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Impact of a counseling ethics course on graduate students\u2019 learning and development","volume":"6","author":"*Lambie G. W.","year":"2012","unstructured":"*Lambie G. W., Ieva K. P. (2012). Impact of a counseling ethics course on graduate students\u2019 learning and development. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 6(1), 12.","journal-title":"International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2005.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890701468501"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.1974.10119988"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","first-page":"635","article-title":"Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory","volume":"3","author":"Loevinger J.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Loevinger J. (1957). Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory. Psychological Reports, 3(2), 635\u2013694.","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","volume-title":"Technical foundations for measuring ego development: The Washington University Sentence Completion Test","author":"Loevinger J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Loevinger J. (Ed.). (1998). Technical foundations for measuring ego development: The Washington University Sentence Completion Test. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.48.4.947"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA7603_06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401001110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manners J. Durkin K. (2001). A critical review of the validity of ego development theory and its measurement. Journal of Personality Assessment 77(3) 541\u2013567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327752JPA7703_12","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA7703_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0023281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0021642840520410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","volume-title":"30 years of research from Keilin and Bloom to present: A survey of child custody evaluation practices","author":"Mathy N. M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mathy N. M. (2019). 30 years of research from Keilin and Bloom to present: A survey of child custody evaluation practices [Doctoral dissertation]. Wisconsin School of Professional Psychology."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/03.09.PR0.114k22w7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCrae R. R. Kurtz J. E. Yamagata S. Terracciano A. (2011). Internal consistency retest reliability and their implications for personality scale validity. Personality and Social Psychology Review 15(1) 28\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1088868310366253","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868310366253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/13619-018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_1","volume-title":"Addiction Severity Index: Administration manual","author":"McLellan A. T.","year":"1990","unstructured":"McLellan A. T., Gargi P., Bragg A., Cacciola J., Fureman B., Incmikoski R. (1990). Addiction Severity Index: Administration manual. University of Pennsylvania\u2014Veterans Administration Center for Studies of Addiction."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(194510)1:4<296::AID-JCLP2270010410>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer G. J. Kurtz J. E. (2006). Advancing personality assessment terminology: Time to retire \u201cobjective\u201d and \u201cprojective\u201d as personality test descriptors. Journal of Personality Assessment 87(3) 223\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327752jpa8703_01","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8703_01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_1","volume-title":"Thematic apperception test","author":"Murray H. A.","year":"1943","unstructured":"Murray H. A. (1943). Thematic apperception test. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129844"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199305)49:3<332::AID-JCLP2270490305>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164492052004027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. (2025). ChatGPT (GPT-5 Nov 2025 version) [Large language model]. https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_1","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page M. J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page M. J., McKenzie J. E., Bossuyt P. M., Boutron I., Hoffmann T. C., Mulrow C. D., Moher D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. British Medical Journal, 372, Article n71.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_1","volume-title":"Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding reference manual for BIDR Version 6","author":"Paulhus D. L.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Paulhus D. L. (1994). Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding reference manual for BIDR Version 6. University of British Columbia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_1","volume-title":"Structured Interview for DSM\u2013IV Personality (SIDP\u2013IV)","author":"Pfohl B.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pfohl B., Blum N., Zimmerman M. (1997). Structured Interview for DSM\u2013IV Personality (SIDP\u2013IV). American Psychiatric Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198701)43:1<119::AID-JCLP2270430119>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_85_1","article-title":"On the decline of projective techniques in professional psychology training","volume":"1","author":"Piotrowski C.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Piotrowski C. (2015). On the decline of projective techniques in professional psychology training. North American Journal of Psychology, 1(2), Article 7.","journal-title":"North American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Projective techniques are not moribund: Comment on the Benson et al. (2019) assessment practices article","volume":"26","author":"Piotrowski C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piotrowski C. (2019). Projective techniques are not moribund: Comment on the Benson et al. (2019) assessment practices article. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 26, 73\u201376.","journal-title":"SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_1","first-page":"276","article-title":"Use of projective techniques with children: A review of contemporary research studies","volume":"31","author":"Piotrowski C.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Piotrowski C. (2024). Use of projective techniques with children: A review of contemporary research studies. Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 31, 276\u2013284.","journal-title":"Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putnick D. L. Bornstein M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review 41 71\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02139136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0092976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_1","volume-title":"The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank manual","author":"*Rotter J. B.","year":"1950","unstructured":"*Rotter J. B., Rafferty J. E. (1950). The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank manual. Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0062560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0062499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0059479"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan R. M. Avery R. R. Grolnick W. S. (1985). A Rorschach assessment of children\u2019s mutuality of autonomy. Journal of Personality Assessment 49(1) 6\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_2","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultheiss D. E. P. (2007). The emergence of a relational cultural paradigm for vocational psychology. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance 7(3) 191\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10775-007-9123-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10775-007-9123-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1978.9921440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_1","unstructured":"Smith S. R. Smithson M. (Eds.). (2015). APA handbook of clinical psychology: Theory and research (Vol. 2). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/14646-000\/doi.org\/10.1037\/14646-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_1","volume-title":"State\u2013Trait Anger Expression Inventory: Professional manual","author":"Spielberger C. D.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Spielberger C. D. (1996). State\u2013Trait Anger Expression Inventory: Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"The reliability of projective techniques as tools of psychological assessment","volume":"93","author":"Stemplewska-\u017bakowicz K.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stemplewska-\u017bakowicz K., Paluchowski W. J. (2013). The reliability of projective techniques as tools of psychological assessment. Problems of Forensic Sciences, 93, 227\u2013244.","journal-title":"Problems of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4705_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0080-4270(73)00005-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2015.1015679"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vickers A. J. Smith C. (2000). Incorporating data from dissertations in systematic reviews. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 16(2) 711\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0266462300101278","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462300101278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watkins M. W. Canivez G. L. Dombrowski S. C. McGill R. J. Pritchard A. E. Holingue C. B. Jacobson L. A. (2022). Long-term stability of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-fifth edition scores in a clinical sample. Applied Neuropsychology. Child 11(3) 422\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21622965.2021.1875827","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2021.1875827"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4505_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiner I. B. (2013). Assessment of personality and psychopathology with performance-based measures. In Geisinger K. F. Bracken B. A. Carlson J. F. Hansen J.-I. C. Kuncel N. R. Reise S. P. Rodriguez M. C. (Eds.) APA handbook of testing and assessment in psychology: Testing and assessment in clinical and counseling psychology (Vol. 2 pp. 153\u2013170). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/14048-010.","DOI":"10.1037\/14048-010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0080-4270(73)00007-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890802388491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1939.2013.00039.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00383.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198204000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0048705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright A. G. C. Hopwood C. J. Skodol A. E. Morey L. C. (2016). Longitudinal validation of general and specific structural features of personality pathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 125(8) 1120\u20131134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000165","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA8002_02"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_1","author":"Zimmerman M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zimmerman M. (2002). The Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire: Manual. Western Psychological Service.","journal-title":"The Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire: Manual"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_1","unstructured":"*Studies marked with an asterisk were included in this systematic review."}],"container-title":["Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10731911261430262","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10731911261430262","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10731911261430262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:12:57Z","timestamp":1777378377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10731911261430262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10731911261430262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10731911261430262","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1911","1552-3489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1911","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"article-number":"10731911261430262"}}