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Operant conditioning of spinal reflexes, which can target plasticity to specific reflex pathways, can enhance recovery. In rats in which a right lateral column lesion had weakened right stance and produced an asymmetrical gait, up-conditioning of the right soleus H-reflex, which increased muscle spindle afferent excitation of soleus, strengthened right stance and eliminated the asymmetry. In people with hyperreflexia due to incomplete SCI, down-conditioning of the soleus H-reflex improved walking speed and symmetry. Furthermore, modulation of electromyographic activity during walking improved bilaterally, indicating that a protocol that targets plasticity to a specific pathway can trigger widespread plasticity that improves recovery far beyond that attributable to the change in the targeted pathway. These improvements were apparent to people in their daily lives. They reported walking faster and farther, and noted less spasticity and better balance. Operant conditioning protocols could be developed to modify other spinal reflexes or corticospinal connections; and could be combined with other therapies to enhance recovery in people with SCI or other neuromuscular disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858414527541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]],"date-time":"2014-03-17T23:36:50Z","timestamp":1395099410000},"page":"203-215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Restoring Walking after Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Aiko K.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen Hayes Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw, NY, USA"},{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 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