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After arm\/hand amputation, many amputees report that they can generate voluntary movements of the phantom limb; that is, they can move the arm that was amputated. But what is it like to move an arm\/hand that is not there? Here, we review what is currently known about phantom limb movements at three descriptive levels: the kinematic level, the muscle level, and the cortical level. We conclude that phantom arm movements are best conceptualized as the real movements of a dematerialized hand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858420904326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]],"date-time":"2020-02-29T01:53:31Z","timestamp":1582941211000},"page":"328-342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["And Yet It Moves: What We Currently Know about Phantom Arm Movements"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Scaliti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u2019MoN, Cognition, Motion and Neuroscience Unit, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Gruppioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Protesi INAIL, Vigoroso di Budrio, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6845-0521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Becchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u2019MoN, Cognition, Motion and Neuroscience Unit, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1073858420904326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson ML. 2018. 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Suppressing movements with phantom limbs and existing limbs evokes comparable electrophysiological inhibitory responses. Cortex 117:64\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.02.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.02.024"},{"key":"bibr5-1073858420904326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cipriani C, Antfolk C, Controzzi M, Lundborg G, Ros\u00e9n B, Carrozza MC, and others. 2011. Online myoelectric control of a dexterous hand prosthesis by transradial amputees. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 19:260\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSRE.2011.2108667","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2011.2108667"},{"key":"bibr6-1073858420904326","first-page":"247","author":"Clippinger FW","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull Prosthet Res Fall"},{"key":"bibr7-1073858420904326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen LG, Bandinelli S, Findley TW, Hallett M. 1991. Motor reorganization after upper limb amputation in man: a study with focal magnetic stimulation. 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Voluntary phantom hand and finger movements in transhumerai amputees could be used to naturally control polydigital prostheses. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2017:1239\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICORR.2017.8009419","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2017.8009419"},{"key":"bibr27-1073858420904326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones LA. 1988. Motor illusions: What do they reveal about proprioception? Psychol Bull 103:72\u201386. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.103.1.72","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.103.1.72"},{"key":"bibr28-1073858420904326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karl A, Birbaumer N, Lutzenberger W, Cohen LG, Flor H. 2001. Reorganization of motor and somatosensory cortex in upper extremity amputees with phantom limb pain. 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