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We briefly review monoamines\u2019 anatomy and physiology and discuss their effects on the target neurons and circuits. Monoaminergic cells in the brain stem receive inputs from sensory, limbic, and prefrontal areas and project extensively to the forebrain and hindbrain. We review selected studies on molecular, cellular, and electrophysiological effects of monoamines on the brain\u2019s target areas. The idea is that monoamines, by reversibly modulating the \u201cprimary\u201d information processing circuits, regulate and switch the functions of brain networks and can reversibly alter the \u201cbrain states,\u201d such as consciousness, emotions, and movements. Monoamines, as the drivers of normal motor and sensory brain operations, including housekeeping, play essential roles in pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858420974336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T13:31:41Z","timestamp":1607607101000},"page":"121-143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Monoamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin, Beyond Modulation, \u201cSwitches\u201d That Alter the State of Target Networks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0888-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayed Ausim","family":"Azizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Global Neuroscience Institute, Chester, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1073858420974336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1484-9"},{"key":"bibr2-1073858420974336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.03.008"},{"key":"bibr3-1073858420974336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.01.026"},{"key":"bibr4-1073858420974336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3775363"},{"key":"bibr5-1073858420974336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.03.016"},{"key":"bibr6-1073858420974336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858407299286"},{"key":"bibr7-1073858420974336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-045396-5.00035-X"},{"key":"bibr8-1073858420974336","first-page":"178","volume":"24","author":"Azizi SA","year":"1983","journal-title":"Assoc Res Vision Opthalmol Abstr"},{"key":"bibr9-1073858420974336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91347-J"},{"key":"bibr10-1073858420974336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14580"},{"key":"bibr11-1073858420974336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.23.9356"},{"key":"bibr12-1073858420974336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201100185"},{"key":"bibr13-1073858420974336","unstructured":"Barlow HB. 2009. 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