{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:03:07Z","timestamp":1777932187155,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscientist"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The birth of neuroendocrinology as a scientific discipline is traced back to 1900\u20131901, when Joseph Babinski, Alfred Fr\u00f6hlich, and Harvey Cushing independently identified adiposogenital dystrophy (Fr\u00f6hlich syndrome), and related gonadal underdevelopment and obesity to a tumor near the pituitary gland. This discovery prompted decades of research into the brain mechanisms responsible for the control of peripheral metabolism and endocrine functions. On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of Fr\u00f6hlich\u2019s birth, this study traces the origins of his intellectual formation and his association with renowned contemporaries in Austria, England, Italy, and finally Cincinnati, Ohio, where he sought refuge after Austria\u2019s annexation by Nazi Germany. Fr\u00f6hlich interacted with seminal figures in biomedicine, including Lothar von Frankl-Hochwart, Hans Horst Meyer, Ernst Peter Pick, Harvey Cushing, John Newport Langley, and the Nobel laureates Charles Scott Sherrington and Otto Loewi. Alfred Fr\u00f6hlich, one of the 20th century\u2019s most emblematic physicians, left his mark on neurophysiology and neuropharmacology with important works, and published authoritative manuals of drug dispensing and clinical therapy. He confronted the calamities of two World Wars with remarkable resilience like many of his Viennese colleagues who, overcoming the constraints of National Socialism, settled overseas to fulfil their calling as physicians, researchers, and teachers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10738584211016777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T07:34:00Z","timestamp":1621841640000},"page":"19-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Pioneer Neuropharmacologist Alfred Fr\u00f6hlich (1871\u20131953) and the Origins of Neuroendocrinology: A Sesquicentennial Remembrance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6544-5738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lazaros C.","family":"Triarhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Neuroscience, University of Macedonia School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, Thessalonica, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10738584211016777","volume":"27","author":"Antopol W","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Mt Sinai Hosp NY"},{"key":"bibr2-10738584211016777","volume":"8","author":"Babinski JF","year":"1900","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"bibr3-10738584211016777","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1921.00100180091006"},{"key":"bibr4-10738584211016777","volume":"55","author":"Bartels M","year":"1908","journal-title":"M\u00fcnch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"bibr5-10738584211016777","unstructured":"Bissonnette B, Luginbuehl I, Engelhardt T. 2019. 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