{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T06:26:02Z","timestamp":1777530362770,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]],"date-time":"2017-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (ACEI) are widely used in the management of cardiovascular diseases but with significant interindividual variability in the patient\u2019s response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate whether interindividual variability in the response to ACE inhibitors is explained by the \u201cACE phenotype\u201d\u2014for example, variability in plasma ACE concentration, activity, and conformation and\/or the degree of ACE inhibition in each individual.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ACE phenotype was determined in plasma of 14 patients with hypertension treated chronically for 4 weeks with 40 mg enalapril (E) or 20 mg E + 16 mg candesartan (EC) and in 20 patients with hypertension treated acutely with a single dose (20 mg) of E with or without pretreatment with hydrochlorothiazide. The ACE phenotyping included (1) plasma ACE concentration; (2) ACE activity (with 2 substrates: Hip-His-Leu and Z-Phe-His-Leu and calculation of their ratio); (3) detection of ACE inhibitors in patient\u2019s blood (indicator of patient compliance) and the degree of ACE inhibition (ie, adherence); and (4) ACE conformation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Enalapril reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in most patients; however, 20% of patients were considered nonresponders. Chronic treatment results in 40% increase in serum ACE concentrations, with the exception of 1 patient. There was a trend toward better response to ACEI among patients who had a higher plasma ACE concentration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Due to the fact that \u201c20% of patients do not respond to ACEI by blood pressure drop,\u201d the initial blood ACE level could not be a predictor of blood pressure reduction in an individual patient. However, ACE phenotyping provides important information about conformational and kinetic changes in ACE of individual patients, and this could be a reason for resistance to ACE inhibitors in some nonresponders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248416686188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]],"date-time":"2017-01-10T05:03:33Z","timestamp":1484024613000},"page":"374-386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["ACE Phenotyping as a Guide Toward Personalized Therapy With ACE Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sergei M.","family":"Danilov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stan 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