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Subsequent study has revealed the further therapeutic potential of all elements of the amnion\u2014membrane, cells, fluid\u2014in the treatment of cardiac disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was performed utilizing PubMed\/MEDLINE and Embase with search terms including \u201camniotic fluid,\u201d \u201ccardiovascular disease,\u201d \u201ccardiac disease,\u201d \u201camnion,\u201d \u201camniotic membrane,\u201d and \u201cheart.\u201d Results were reviewed by each author to ensure inclusion of all relevant articles. Animal studies were included for evaluation of existing preclinical models, and the few available clinical studies of amniotic products were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preclinical studies addressing organ function, assessment, and enhancement of cardiac performance in response to injury, and regenerative potential are included, as are the few clinical studies utilizing amniotic products for the treatment of cardiac disease. Therapeutic approaches include reduction of inflammation, immunomodulation, and the promotion of myocardial regeneration via cellular therapy to target the most common mechanisms underlying myocardial injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The components of the human amnion have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and pro-differentiation abilities which lend the ability to attenuate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, temper cardiac fibrosis, and promote activation of progenitor cells to induce regeneration. Preclinical studies have focused heavily on cellular therapy, but clinical experience has yielded little success. The acellular components of the amnion have fueled more recent investigation and represent a new source of enthusiasm for clinical translation of amniotic products in the treatment of cardiac disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10742484251380914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T15:40:53Z","timestamp":1758555653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cardiovascular Therapeutic Applications of the Human Amnion: Membrane, Cells, and Beyond"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3458-8802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Nickel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"},{"name":"Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"},{"name":"Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Javan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"},{"name":"Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla Valenzuela","family":"Ripoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"},{"name":"Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig H","family":"Selzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"},{"name":"Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"612","article-title":"Observations on the prevention of postoperative peritonitis and abdominal adhesions","volume":"45","author":"Johnson HL","year":"1927","unstructured":"Johnson HL. 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