{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:15:46Z","timestamp":1777479346389,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically evaluate PEA's contribution to lower lobe hemoptysis, characterize associated systemic-to-pulmonary shunts (SPS), and assess the safety\/efficacy of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particle embolization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study analyzed 428 patients with PEA-related hemoptysis (19% of 2296 TAE cases) treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (2014-2023). Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) mapped PEA anatomy and SPS, followed by tailored PVA embolization (90-1000\u2005\u03bcm). Outcomes included technical success, recurrence rates, and complications. Sex-disaggregated and etiology-disaggregated analyses were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      99.1% (424\/428) of PEA-associated lesions localized to lower lobes, predominantly left-sided (43.5%). Immediate hemostasis achieved in 95%, 1-month recurrence rate 5.1% (22\/428). Multivariate Cox regression identified predictors: massive hemoptysis (HR\u2009=\u20092.03), ectopic bronchial arteries (HR\u2009=\u20091.54), thrombocytosis (&gt;215\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/L, HR\u2009=\u20091.27). Sex-disaggregated analysis revealed significant differences in weight (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and platelet counts (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.023) between males and females. Etiology-based analysis showed higher recurrence rates in neoplastic (33.3%) and infectious-inflammatory (6.0%) etiologies compared to vascular diseases (0%). No spinal ischemia or bronchoesophageal fistulae.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PEA embolization using tailored PVA particles represents a safe and effective intervention for lower lobe hemoptysis, warranting systematic evaluation in all such cases. Sex-disaggregated analysis is essential for accurate risk stratification. Embolization outcomes are significantly influenced by underlying etiology, with infectious diseases requiring concurrent antimicrobial therapy and neoplastic lesions demanding anti-tumor treatment for durable outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10760296251399809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T14:59:27Z","timestamp":1766501967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnosis and Embolization of Pulmonary Esophageal Artery Hemoptysis in Lower Lobe Pulmonary Disease: Single-Center Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Qi-Kun","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical 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