{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:25:53Z","timestamp":1793132753378,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82170445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Major Scientific Instrument Development Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 32127802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 32127802"]}]},{"name":"the Medical technology innovation \"Unveiling Command Project\" of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","award":["No. 2023-T094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023-T094"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global burden and temporal trends of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) stratified by menopausal status have not been comprehensively described.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), prevalence rates (ASPR), disability-adjusted life year rates (ASDALYR), and death rates (ASDR) for ASCVD, including ischemic heart disease (IHD), ischemic stroke (IS), and lower extremity peripheral artery disease (LEPAD), were estimated among pre- and post-menopausal women from 1990 to 2021 using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Temporal trends were quantified using average annual percent change, and the population attribution fractions were calculated for established ASCVD risk factors. Projections to 2041 were generated using the Nordpred model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2021, the highest IHD burden was observed in low-middle socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, whereas the highest LEPAD burden occurred in high SDI regions among both pre- and post-menopausal women. Among premenopausal women, ASIR and ASPR for IS demonstrated a negative correlation with SDI level. Between 1990 and 2021, premenopausal women exhibited increases in IHD ASIR (12.86%) and ASPR (11.43%), accompanied by reductions in ASDALYR (23.97%) and ASDR (24.35%). In contrast, postmenopausal women experienced a modest increase in ASPR (4.14%) along with declines in ASIR (10.61%), ASDALYR (34.99%), and ASDR (37.09%). The contribution of specific risk factors varied by menopausal status: elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and body mass index were predominant among premenopausal women, whereas elevated fasting glucose and kidney dysfunction contributed more substantially among postmenopausal women. Projections to 2041 indicate continued increases in ASCVD incidence and prevalence numbers, particularly among postmenopausal women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden of ASCVD varies significantly by menopausal status and across socio-demographic regions. Age-specific and regionally targeted screening, prevention, and resource allocation strategies are warranted to address the projected rise in ASCVD among women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10760296251414114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T15:20:19Z","timestamp":1768836019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Global, Regional, and National Burden of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Pre- and Post-Menopausal Women: 1990-2021 Trends and 2041 Projections from the Global Burden of Disease Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, the People's Hospital of Kaizhou District, Chongqing 405400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouying","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, the People's Hospital of Kaizhou District, Chongqing 405400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, the Second People's Hospital of Yibin City, Sichuan 644000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Sichuan 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2090-5686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad472"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02925-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcad033"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117269"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00430.2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab892"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz859"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Report of a WHO scientific group","volume":"866","author":"Research on the menopause in the 1990s","year":"1996","unstructured":"Research on the menopause in the 1990s. 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