{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:14:13Z","timestamp":1788545653488,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate whether endothelial activation (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, sICAM-1) and thrombotic activation (thrombin-antithrombin complexes, TAT) markers provide prognostic information beyond standard inflammatory markers for in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study of 47 patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia admitted November 2020\u2013February 2021 to District Hospital, Debica, Poland. Patients were stratified by cytokine storm profile (CRP &gt;50 mg\/L or IL-6 &gt;30 pg\/mL) and survival status. Blood biomarkers included CRP, IL-6, sICAM-1, TAT, d-dimer, and antiphospholipid antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mortality rate was 40.4% (19\/47 patients). Among patients with cytokine storm, TAT and sICAM-1 levels were significantly higher in non-survivors versus survivors (TAT: 15.4 (12.2\u201323.6) ng\/mL vs. 11.6 (11.0\u201314.8) ng\/mL, p=0.037; sICAM-1: 12.0 (5.6\u201335.3) ng\/mL vs. 4.3 (2.5\u201323.9) ng\/ml, p=0.033), whereas d-dimer and anticardiolipin IgM did not differentiate mortality outcomes. Elevated TAT was detected in 100% of patients, d-dimer in 93.6%, anticardiolipin IgM in 40.4%, and sICAM-1 in 21.3%. In the multivariable exploratory model based on Firth\u2019s logistic regression, TAT \u226512.14 ng\/mL and sICAM-1 \u22654.0 ng\/mL emerged as potential independent predictors of mortality (OR: 6.27, 95% CI: 1.31\u201329.99 and OR: 8.68, 95% CI: 1.22\u201362.15, respectively). Traditional prognostic factors (diabetes on insulin, and blood desaturation) also discriminated poor outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>sICAM-1 and TAT were associated with in-hospital mortality within the high-risk subgroup of COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm, suggesting prognostic information beyond conventional inflammatory markers and d-dimer. Given the limited sample size, these exploratory findings should be regarded as hypothesis-generating and require validation in larger, multicentre cohorts before informing risk stratification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10760296261486177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:42:07Z","timestamp":1788273727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thrombin-Antithrombin Complexes and sICAM-1 Are Associated With In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19 Patients With Inflammatory Storm"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Michalina","family":"Zygmunt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. John Paul II Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Kunecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"District Hospital in Debica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1599-7168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leszek","family":"Drabik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. John Paul II Hospital"},{"name":"St. John Paul II Hospital"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology"},{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urszula","family":"Gancarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. John Paul II Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"P\u0142azak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. John Paul II Hospital"},{"name":"St. John Paul II Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1749441"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-020-03029-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06497-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314860"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30404-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1051-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10040812"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","volume-title":"Clinical management of COVID-19. 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