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Three forms have emerged as a result of AMR including multi-drug resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant, and pan-drug-resistant. Nowadays, physicians cannot save most of the patients that suffer from MDR\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections by typical antibiotics, so they should try other useful alternative treatments. Our aim in this review study was to search about the latest useful alternative methods against MDR\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections. We collected some articles from PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar by the keywords of multi-drug-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , AMR, and alternative treatments, where finally 183 articles were selected. Also, inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were identified separately. It was understood that there are novel therapeutic options against MDR\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections, which include odilorhabdins, drug delivery systems, antibody drug conjugation treatments, nano-antibiotics, bacteriocins, probiotics, fecal transplant therapy, predatory bacteria, combined antibiotics, double-carbapenem therapy, synthetic lipopeptides, and phage therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10766294251375937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T13:10:28Z","timestamp":1759842628000},"page":"323-337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Overcoming Multi-Drug-Resistant\n                    <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    Infections"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Nastaran","family":"Javan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Ghotaslou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran."},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Samadi Kafil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Yousef","family":"Memar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javid","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pardis","family":"Ghotaslou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","article-title":"Repurposing azithromycin in combination with last-line fosfomycin, colistin and tigecycline against Multi-Drug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","author":"G\u00f3mara-Lomero M","year":"2022","unstructured":"G\u00f3mara-Lomero M, , L\u00f3pez-Calleja AI, , Rezusta A, et al. 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