{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:26:10Z","timestamp":1790004370605,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fluoroquinolone resistance in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , particularly uropathogenic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (UPEC), is a growing concern worldwide. This study investigates the association between mutations in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes and fluoroquinolone resistance in UPEC isolates from Urine samples in Iran.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 150 UPEC isolates were collected, and then, 12 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were selected for molecular analysis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin were determined by microbroth dilution. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were used to detect mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All isolates had MIC &gt;4 and were resistant to all four fluoroquinolones and quinolones tested, including ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. All isolates harbored mutations in both genes. The most frequent mutations in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      were Ser-83\u2192Leu and Asp-87\u2192Asn, found in 100% of isolates. Similarly, mutations in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      , including Ser-80\u2192Ile (83.3%) and Glu-84\u2192Val (58.3%), were prevalent. Additional nucleotide substitutions in both genes were observed. These mutations likely contribute to the high-level fluoroquinolone resistance observed in the isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results of this study confirm that mutations in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes primarily drive fluoroquinolone resistance in UPEC isolates. The presence of specific alterations within the QRDRs significantly reduces bacterial susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, contributing to the persistence and spread of resistant strains. Identifying these mutations provides critical insights into resistance mechanisms, which can aid in developing more effective antimicrobial therapy strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10766294251377378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:37:59Z","timestamp":1757551079000},"page":"317-322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Investigating the Relationship Between Mutations in\n                    <i>gyrA<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>parC<\/i>\n                    Genes and Resistance to Fluoroquinolones in Uropathogenic\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    Isolates"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Erfan","family":"Ghaffari Lashkenari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam Sadat","family":"Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R. Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasra","family":"Javadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R. Iran."},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R. Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Halaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R. Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Mueller M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mueller M, , Tainter CR. Escherichia coli infection. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S236026"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2019.1680052"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-09031-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/EHEM.2023.15"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","first-page":"1226","article-title":"High frequency of mutations in gyrA gene associated with quinolones resistance in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from the north of Iran","volume":"21","author":"Shenagari M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shenagari M, , Bakhtiari M, , Mojtahedi A, , Roushan ZA. High frequency of mutations in gyrA gene associated with quinolones resistance in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from the north of Iran. 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