{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T12:03:53Z","timestamp":1781093033088,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Oral and maxillofacial space infections (OMSIs) are potentially life-threatening polymicrobial conditions requiring timely and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 53 studies (12,408 cases) to evaluate microbial epidemiology and resistance patterns.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was the predominant pathogen (45.51%), followed by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (15.89%) and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Porphyromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    (15.61%). Methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MRSA) accounted for 19.18% of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Diabetic patients exhibited a higher prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (27.09% vs. 8.13% in nondiabetics). Antimicrobial resistance was lowest for levofloxacin (11.03%) and cephalosporins (16.83%), and highest for gentamicin (39.66%) and erythromycin (39.35%). The microbiological landscape and antimicrobial resistance patterns were influenced by multiple factors, including infection source, diabetic status, diagnostic methods, national income level, and temporal trends. Incorporating these variables with local antimicrobial surveillance data can support more targeted and effective empirical therapy. Well-designed, representative studies across diverse settings are urgently needed to optimize antimicrobial use amid rising resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10766294261442220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T17:14:22Z","timestamp":1776791662000},"page":"233-246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Microbial Epidemiology of Oral and Maxillofacial Space Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9970-6462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanlan","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaohui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery","author":"Hupp JR","year":"2019","unstructured":"1.Hupp JR, , Ellis E, , Tucker MR. 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