{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:46:50Z","timestamp":1790808410623,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yunnan Province Science and Technology Talent and Platform Program - Clinical Medicine Research Center Special Project","award":["NO. 202505AJ310006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 202505AJ310006"]}]},{"name":"the Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province","award":["No. 202101AZ070001-205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 202101AZ070001-205"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.82260415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.82260415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Supported by Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project","award":["No.202507AB040006)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.202507AB040006)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The global dissemination of New Delhi metallo-\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      -lactamase-1 (NDM-1)-producing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (carbapenem-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      [CREC]) has escalated into a pressing public health crisis, driven by the rapid evolution of multidrug resistance and the scarcity of effective therapies. To address this challenge, this study focused on evaluating the therapeutic potential of eugenol, a natural phenolic compound, against NDM-1-CREC through integrated\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      approaches.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibacterial activity of eugenol was evaluated using the microbroth dilution method, growth curve, and time-antibacterial curve. The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibacterial activity of eugenol was studied by drawing survival curves, counting the live bacterial load in each tissue, measuring the expression of inflammatory factors, and histopathological observation. Morphology and ultrastructure were analyzed by SEM\/TEM, cell wall integrity by alkaline phosphatase, biofilm by crystal violet staining, and gene expression by RNA-seq with RT-qPCR validation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiments demonstrated that eugenol exerted rapid bactericidal effects, achieving complete eradication of CREC isolates within 2 hours, and enhanced the sensitivity of imipenem and meropenem.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , eugenol significantly improved survival rates in a murine intraperitoneal infection model, reducing bacterial loads in peritoneal fluid and visceral organs (liver, lung, kidney, spleen; 2\u20133log10 colony-forming units [CFU]\/mL reduction) while attenuating systemic inflammation (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2). Histopathological analysis further corroborated these results, showing marked alleviation of tissue damage in eugenol-treated cohorts. Mechanistic studies revealed that eugenol disrupted membrane integrity via structural damage (Scanning electron microscopy\/transmission electron microscopy), suppressed biofilm formation (crystal violet assay), and downregulated resistance\/virulence genes (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mdtJ, ompA, csgD, flhD, fimB<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; RNA-seq\/qRT-PCR validation).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings not only highlight eugenol\u2019s potential as a candidate drug but also provide a framework for repurposing natural compounds to combat carbapenemase-producing pathogens, offering a pragmatic strategy to mitigate the global antimicrobial resistance crisis.<\/jats:p>\n                  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China."},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, 650032, China."},{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Peking University Cancer Hospital Yunnan, Kunming,650118, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China."},{"name":"Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, 650032, China."},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, 650032, China."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650021, 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