{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:14:50Z","timestamp":1789647290156,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,1]],"date-time":"2001-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":991353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Care Res Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Reducing and eliminating health status disparities by providing access to appropriate health care is a goal of the nation\u2019s health care delivery system. This article reviews the literature that demonstrates a relationship between access to appropriate health care and reductions in health status disparities. Using comprehensive site-level data, patient surveys, and medical record reviews, the authors present an evaluation of the ability of health centers to provide such access. Access to a regular and usual source of care alone can mitigate health status disparities. The safety net health center network has reduced racial\/ethnic, income, and insurance status disparities in access to primary care and important preventive screening procedures. In addition, the network has reduced low birth weight disparities for African American infants. Evidence suggests that health centers are successful in reducing and eliminating health access disparities by establishing themselves as their patients\u2019 usual and regular source of care. This relationship portends well for reducing and eliminating health status disparities.<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/107755870105800205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,11]],"date-time":"2007-03-11T00:08:47Z","timestamp":1173571727000},"page":"234-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Inequality in America: The Contribution of Health Centers in Reducing and Eliminating Disparities in Access to Care"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Politzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Primary Health Care, Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Primary Health Care, Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leiyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronda G.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Primary Health Care, Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerrilynn","family":"Regan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Primary Health Care, Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn H.","family":"Gaston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Primary Health Care, Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3350295"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Health center user visit survey","author":"Bureau of Primary Health Care","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bureau of Primary Health Care . 1995. Health center user visit survey. Bethesda, MD: Author."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Uniformd at a system national summary data 1998","author":"Bureau of Primary Health Care","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bureau of Primary Health Care .1998. Uniformd at a system national summary data 1998. June. Bethesda, MD: Author."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"FY 2001 budget presentation: Office of data, evaluation, analysis and research","author":"Bureau of Primary Health Care","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bureau of Primary Health Care . 1999. FY 2001 budget presentation: Office of data, evaluation, analysis and research. December. Bethesda, MD: Author."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Primary care for patients without health insurance by community health centers: Final report","author":"Carlson, B. L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Carlson, B. L. , J. Eden, D. O\u2019Connor, and J. Regan. 1999. Primary care for patients without health insurance by community health centers: Final report. February. Bethesda, MD: Bureau of Primary Health Care."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Health: United States 1998","author":"Center for Disease Control","year":"1999","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control . 1999. Health: United States 1998. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","volume-title":"Health services utilization and costs to Medicaid of AFDC recipients in New York and California served and not served by community health centers: Final report","author":"Center for Health Policy Studies","year":"1994","unstructured":"Center for Health Policy Studies . 1994. Health services utilization and costs to Medicaid of AFDC recipients in New York and California served and not served by community health centers: Final report. November. Bethesda, MD: Bureau of Primary Health Care."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.5.775"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107755879805500402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"ACSC experience by usual source of health care: Comparing Medicaid beneficiaries who rely on CHCs with other primary care providers: Final report","author":"Falik, M.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Falik, M. , J. Needleman, J. Korb, and N. McCall. 1998. ACSC experience by usual source of health care: Comparing Medicaid beneficiaries who rely on CHCs with other primary care providers: Final report. July. Bethesda, MD: Bureau of Primary Health Care."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.1991.tb00716.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.19.2579"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.16.2077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Primary care physicians and specialists as personal physicians: Health care expenditures and mortality experience","volume":"47","author":"Franks, P.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Franks, P. , and K. Fiscella. 1998. Primary care physicians and specialists as personal physicians: Health care expenditures and mortality experience. Journal of Family Practice 47:105-109.","journal-title":"Journal of Family Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","article-title":"Community health center users and screening services. Manuscript submitted to","author":"Frick, K. D.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Frick, K. D. , and J. Regan. 2000. Community health center users and screening services. Manuscript submitted to Journal of American Medical Association.","journal-title":"Journal of American Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"The uninsured in America: A chart book of the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the uninsured","author":"Hoffman, C.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hoffman, C. 1998. The uninsured in America: A chart book of the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the uninsured. June. New York: Kaiser Family Foundation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Primary care: America\u2019s health in a new era","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"1996","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine . 1996. Primary care: America\u2019s health in a new era. Washington, DC: National Academy Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"America\u2019s health care safety net: Intact but endangered","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2000","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine . 2000. America\u2019s health care safety net: Intact but endangered. March. Washington, DC: National Academy Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7037.1004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004479-199910000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"National Association of Community Health Centers 30th Annual Convention","author":"Lewis-Idema, D.","unstructured":"Lewis-Idema, D. , S. Bryant, M. Falik, and B. Wiaczek. 1999. Health centers as safety net providers. Presented at the National Association of Community Health Centers 30th Annual Convention, 28 September."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Enabling services and perinatal care: Final report","author":"Lewis-Idema, D.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lewis-Idema, D. , B. Wiaczek, M. Falik, and S. Bryant. 1999. Enabling services and perinatal care: Final report. December. Bethesda, MD: Bureau of Primary Health Care."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Health insurance and cancer screening among women","author":"Makuc, D. M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Makuc, D. M. , V. M. Freid, and P. E. Parsons. 1994. Health insurance and cancer screening among women. Advance data from vital and health statistics no. 254. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Profile of diabetics from health center user\/visit survey: Final report","author":"Mathematica Policy Research","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mathematica Policy Research . 1998a. Profile of diabetics from health center user\/visit survey: Final report. November. Bethesda, MD: Bureau of Primary Health Care."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Profile of hypertensives from health center user\/visit survey: Final report","author":"Mathematica Policy Research","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mathematica Policy Research . 1998b. Profile of hypertensives from health center user\/visit survey: Final report.December. Bethesda, MD: Bureau of Primary Health Care."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Profile of uninsured from health center user\/visit survey: Final report","author":"Mathematica Policy Research","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mathematica Policy Research .1999. Profile of uninsured from health center user\/visit survey: Final report. February. Bethesda, MD: Bureau of Primary Health Care."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Public use data file documentation: Linked birth\/infant death data set: 1991 birth cohort","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"1991","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics . 1991. Public use data file documentation: Linked birth\/infant death data set: 1991 birth cohort. Hyattsville, MD: Author."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Primary care physicians and avoidable hospitalizations","volume":"39","author":"Parchman, M. L.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Parchman, M. L. , and S. Culler. 1994. Primary care physicians and avoidable hospitalizations. Journal of Family Practice 39 (2): 123-128.","journal-title":"Journal of Family Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004479-199910000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Health centers role as safety net providers for Medicaid patients and the uninsured","author":"Rosenbaum, S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rosenbaum, S. , P. Shu, A. Markus, and J. Darnell. 2000. Health centers role as safety net providers for Medicaid patients and the uninsured. Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, February."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.17.1364"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209103271107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2010.0460"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","article-title":"Primary care, income inquality and racial mortality in metropolitan areas","author":"Shi, L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shi, L. , and B. Starfield. 2000. Primary care, income inquality and racial mortality in metropolitan areas. American Journal of Public Health (forthcoming).","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/N4M8-303M-72UA-P1K1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Income inequality, primary care and health indicators","volume":"48","author":"Shi, L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shi, L. , B. Starfield, B. Kennely, and I. Kavachi. 1999. Income inequality, primary care and health indicators. Journal of Family Practice 48:275-284.","journal-title":"Journal of Family Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195125429.001.0001","volume-title":"Primary care, balancing health needs, services, and technology","author":"Starfield, B.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Starfield, B. 1998. Primary care, balancing health needs, services, and technology. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004479-200001000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","first-page":"P60","volume-title":"Health insurance coverage 1998","author":"U.S. Census Bureau","year":"1999","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau . 1999. Health insurance coverage 1998. U.S. Department of Commerce, P60-P208, October."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Developing objectives for Healthy People 2010","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"1997","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . 1997. Developing objectives for Healthy People 2010. September. Washington, DC: Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.73.6.666"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting","author":"Whelan, E.","unstructured":"Whelan, E. , and C. Forrest. 1999. How pediatric primary care visits at community health centers differ from other primary care settings. Presented to the Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting, April, San Francisco."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.9.1504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004479-199910000-00010"}],"container-title":["Medical Care Research and Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/107755870105800205","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/107755870105800205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T01:22:41Z","timestamp":1777684961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/107755870105800205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/107755870105800205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107755870105800205","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-5587","1552-6801"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-5587","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6801","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]}}}