{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:03:00Z","timestamp":1777514580325,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1U79SM063056-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U79SM063056-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Maltreat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A first-line screening instrument, the Preschool Inventory of Trauma Symptoms (PITS), was developed to assess trauma symptoms with a diverse sample of 150 toddlers and preschoolers ( M = 2.49 years; SD = 1.12). Items reflected the current trauma literature, assessment measures, and diagnostic criteria for very young children. A principal component analysis produced a 34-item, four-factor model: Arousal and Hyper-Reactivity, Fearful Attachment, Intrusion and Re-Experiencing, and Avoidance and Negative Cognition and Mood. One validity scale, Response Style, was also developed. All scales significantly correlated ( r = .45 to .81; p &lt; .01) with preestablished trauma measures and demonstrated adequate internal consistency (\u03b1 = .68 \u2212 .87). A receiver operating characteristics curve analysis identified a cut-score with good discrimination ability (.88), sensitivity (.81), and specificity (.81). In a preliminary pilot study, PITS also was found to be sensitive to trauma symptom change following participation in an evidence-based trauma informed treatment program. A copy of the PITS is included in the Appendix for free use by qualified professionals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559519830790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T23:42:46Z","timestamp":1551915766000},"page":"275-285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of Trauma Symptoms in Toddlers and Preschoolers Living in Poverty"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sara H.","family":"Bollens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counselor Education and Counseling Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0986-676X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counselor Education and Counseling Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr7-1077559519830790","volume-title":"Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL\/4-18, YSR, and TRF profiles","author":"Achenbach T. M.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr8-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr9-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.1.20"},{"key":"bibr10-1077559519830790","volume-title":"Trauma symptom checklist for young children: Professional Manual","author":"Briere J.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr11-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(01)00253-8"},{"key":"bibr100-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21492"},{"key":"bibr12-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00316.x"},{"key":"bibr13-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-018-1177-2"},{"key":"bibr15-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01459-2"},{"key":"bibr16-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-011-0094-3"},{"key":"bibr17-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"bibr18-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.12.018"},{"key":"bibr19-1077559519830790","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies","author":"Ford J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr103-1077559519830790","author":"Fox R. A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Pathways: A home-based mental health program for very young children in poverty"},{"key":"bibr102-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2006.02.001"},{"key":"bibr101-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lat0000019"},{"key":"bibr20-1077559519830790","unstructured":"Ghosh-Ippen C., Ford J., Racusin R., Acker M., Busquet K., Rogers C.\u2026Edwards J. (2002). Traumatic event screening inventory: Parent report revised. San Francisco: The Child Trauma Research Project of the Early Trauma Network and the national Center for PTSD Dartmouth Child Trauma Research Group."},{"key":"bibr21-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-015-0046-7"},{"key":"bibr22-1077559519830790","first-page":"478","volume":"65","author":"Gilbert A. M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International"},{"key":"bibr23-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559515588131"},{"key":"bibr24-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J189v05n02_01"},{"key":"bibr25-1077559519830790","volume-title":"A consumer\u2019s guide to tests in print","author":"Hamill D. D.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr104-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2150137815573628"},{"key":"bibr26-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000235"},{"key":"bibr105-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-017-0170-z"},{"key":"bibr27-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13575279.2015.1064360"},{"key":"bibr28-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.07.006"},{"key":"bibr29-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027167"},{"key":"bibr30-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097183"},{"key":"bibr31-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.12.009"},{"key":"bibr32-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559511398294"},{"key":"bibr33-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20450"},{"key":"bibr34-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2801_6"},{"key":"bibr35-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21723"},{"key":"bibr36-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200101000-00016"},{"key":"bibr37-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000169013.81536.71"},{"key":"bibr38-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000147512.81966.ba"},{"key":"bibr39-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0355(200101\/04)22:1<201::AID-IMHJ8>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"bibr40-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838004272559"},{"key":"bibr41-1077559519830790","volume-title":"Signal detection theory and ROC analysis in psychology and diagnostics: Collected papers","author":"Swets J. A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr42-1077559519830790","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick B. F.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr44-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000006288127"},{"key":"bibr45-1077559519830790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.01.010"}],"container-title":["Child Maltreatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1077559519830790","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1077559519830790","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1077559519830790","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:52:40Z","timestamp":1777391560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1077559519830790"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1077559519830790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559519830790","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-5595","1552-6119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-5595","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6119","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]}}}