{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:03:40Z","timestamp":1777514620920,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universiteit Leiden","award":["Research Profile Area Health, Prevention and the H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Profile Area Health, Prevention and the H"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Maltreat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Child-driven genetic factors can contribute to negative parenting and may increase the risk of being maltreated. Experiencing childhood maltreatment may be partly heritable, but results of twin studies are mixed. In the current study, we used a cross-sectional extended family design to estimate genetic and environmental effects on experiencing child maltreatment. The sample consisted of 395 individuals (225 women; M\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 38.85 years, range\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 7\u201388 years) from 63 families with two or three participating generations. Participants were oversampled for experienced maltreatment. Self-reported experienced child maltreatment was measured using a questionnaire assessing physical and emotional abuse, and physical and emotional neglect. All maltreatment phenotypes were partly heritable with percentages for h\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ranging from 30% ( SE = 13%) for neglect to 62% ( SE = 19%) for severe physical abuse. Common environmental effects ( c\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) explained a statistically significant proportion of variance for all phenotypes except for the experience of severe physical abuse ( c\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 9%, SE = 13%, p = .26). The genetic correlation between abuse and neglect was \u03c1\n                    <jats:sub>g<\/jats:sub>\n                    = .73 ( p = .02). Common environmental variance increased as socioeconomic status (SES) decreased ( p = .05), but additive genetic and unique environmental variances were constant across different levels of SES.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559519888587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T05:06:40Z","timestamp":1574831200000},"page":"289-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Estimating the Heritability of Experiencing Child Maltreatment in an Extended Family Design"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8954-3532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Pittner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marian J.","family":"Bakermans-Kranenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Primary Care Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3459-0785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenneke R. A.","family":"Alink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renate S. M.","family":"Buisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa J. M.","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura H. C. G. C. Compier-de","family":"Block","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Voorthuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernet M.","family":"Elzinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolanda","family":"Lindenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leyden Academy on Vitality and Ageing, Leiden, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marieke S.","family":"Tollenaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00eblle","family":"Linting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent P.","family":"Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marinus H.","family":"van IJzendoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/301844"},{"key":"bibr2-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.top77"},{"key":"bibr3-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868313498308"},{"key":"bibr4-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613488394"},{"key":"bibr6-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.10.3.423"},{"key":"bibr7-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.8.1132"},{"key":"bibr8-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.6.1289"},{"key":"bibr9-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185634"},{"key":"bibr10-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000619"},{"key":"bibr11-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-7687.00157"},{"key":"bibr12-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.389"},{"key":"bibr62-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-4-S1-S34"},{"key":"bibr13-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-097086-8.82029-2"},{"key":"bibr14-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-015-0207-9"},{"key":"bibr16-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.33.2.351"},{"key":"bibr17-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.07.004"},{"key":"bibr18-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2387-9"},{"key":"bibr19-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.2.77"},{"key":"bibr20-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.15.1.22"},{"key":"bibr21-1077559519888587","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21214","volume":"57","author":"Fisher H. 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