{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:03:48Z","timestamp":1793423028018,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 DA007292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 DA007292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Maltreat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Research suggests children from non-White and Hispanic\/Latinx communities are at higher risk for child maltreatment. This study identified in which states children from specific non-White communities were overrepresented in child protective services reports for child physical, sexual, and emotional\/psychological abuse through exploratory mapping. Reports on child maltreatment originated from the 2018 National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System and state-level population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau. Racial disparities were identified in states with unequal proportions of reported child maltreatment among a non-White child population compared to the proportion among the White child population. We found disparities for children from non-White communities in many states, especially for Black communities (Disparity Ratio [DR]: 15.10 for child physical abuse, DR: 12.77 for child sexual abuse in Washington DC, and DR: 5.25 for child emotional\/psychological abuse in California). The ability to identify high disparities among Pacific Islanders highlights one of the study\u2019s strengths, given we separately examined Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders and multiracial communities. Results from our exploratory mapping provide insight into how preventive resources might be differentially allocated to non-White communities with higher child protective services reporting compared with White communities, and manifest states with multiple non-White communities overrepresented across maltreatment types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595211001926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T05:21:30Z","timestamp":1615958490000},"page":"267-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["On Racial Disparities in Child Abuse Reports: Exploratory Mapping the 2018 NCANDS"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8100-2176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Luken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reshmi","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5506-3960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Fix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10775595211001926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ards S. D., Myers S. L., Malkis A., Sugrue E., Zhou L. (2003). Racial disproportionality in reported and substantiated child abuse and neglect: An examination of systematic bias. Children and Youth Services Review, 25(5\/6), 375\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0190-7409(03)00027-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-7409(03)00027-6"},{"key":"bibr2-10775595211001926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becerra J. E., Hogue C., Atrash H. K., Perez N. (1991). Infant mortality among Hispanics: A portrait of heterogeneity. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 265(2), 217\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1991.03460020071031","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.265.2.217"},{"key":"bibr3-10775595211001926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berlin L. J., Appleyard K., Dodge K. A. (2011). Intergenerational continuity in child maltreatment: Mediating mechanisms and implications for prevention. 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C., Korbin J. E. (2007). How neighborhoods influence child maltreatment: A review of the literature and alternative pathways. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(11-12), 1117\u20131142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.03.023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.03.023"},{"key":"bibr8-10775595211001926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dakil S. R., Cox M., Lin H., Flores G. (2011). Racial and ethnic disparities in physical abuse reporting and child protective services interventions in the United States. Journal of the National Medical Association, 103(9\/10), 926\u2013931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)30449-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)30449-1"},{"key":"bibr9-10775595211001926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dettlaff A. J., Rivaux S. L., Baumann D. J., Fluke J. D., Rycraft J. R., James J. (2011). Disentangling substantiation: The influence of race, income, and risk on the substantiation decision in child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(9), 1630\u20131637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.04.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.04.005"},{"key":"bibr10-10775595211001926","unstructured":"DeWitt E. (2020, December). New Hampshire waypoint to start new voluntary services program to head off child neglect and abuse. Concord Monitor. https:\/\/www.concordmonitor.com\/New-Hampshire-Waypoint-to-start-new-voluntary-services-program-to-head-off-child-neglect-and-abuse-37487891"},{"key":"bibr11-10775595211001926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drake B., Jolley J. M., Lanier P., Fluke J., Barth R. P., Jonson-Reid M. (2011). Racial bias in child protection? A comparison of competing explanations using national data. Pediatrics, 127(3), 471\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2010-1710","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1710"},{"key":"bibr12-10775595211001926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrell C. A., Fleegler E. W., Monuteaux M. C., Wilson C. R., Christian C. W., Lee L. K. (2017). Community poverty and child abuse fatalities in the United States. Pediatrics, 139(5), e20161616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-1616","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1616"},{"key":"bibr13-10775595211001926","unstructured":"Finkelhor D., Saito K., Jones L. (2018). Updated trends in child maltreatment, 2016. Crimes Against Children Research Center. http:\/\/unh.edu\/ccrc\/pdf\/Updated%20trends%202016.pdf"},{"key":"bibr14-10775595211001926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fix R. L., Nair R. (2020). Racial\/ethnic and gender disparities in substantiation of child physical and sexual abuse: Influences of caregiver and child characteristics. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105186"},{"key":"bibr15-10775595211001926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham L. M., Lanier P., Finno-Velasquez M., Johnson-Motoyama M. (2018). 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