{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:51:22Z","timestamp":1777513882872,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/licence-information-for-chorus"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005217","name":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R49CE00091902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R49CE00091902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH0710328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH0710328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Maltreat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite evidence that parents\u2019 physical aggression abuse has long-lasting negative consequences, information about the true population prevalence of aggression and physical abuse is limited. We have even less information about how parental aggression and abuse vary by child age, parent gender, and how that aggression and abuse might be clustered within families. To address these gaps, an anonymous, computer-based assessment was administered to nearly 40,000 parents of more than 60,000 children in the United States Air Force, which included a detailed assessment on up to four minor children of aggression and its impact. The survey was the largest of its type ever conducted in the United States, allowing for stable, crossvalidated estimation of rates of both corporal punishment and physical abuse. Approximately 39% of children experienced corporal punishment, peaking at three years of age, and 7% experienced physical abuse, peaking at age six. About 45% of parents reported perpetrating corporal punishment and 8% abuse; these rates were higher in multi-child families and most often involved more than one child. Parent gender was not associated with physical aggression or abuse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595221112921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T17:31:00Z","timestamp":1670261460000},"page":"219-232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Glimpsing the Iceberg: Parent-Child Physical Aggression and Abuse"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6321-1740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy M. Smith","family":"Slep","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Translational Research Group, New York University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Rhoades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Translational Research Group, New York University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Lorber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Translational Research Group, New York University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5365-0037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard E.","family":"Heyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Translational Research Group, New York University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr39-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr1-10775595221112921","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Male violence","author":"Andrews B.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr48-10775595221112921","first-page":"14","author":"Asparouhov T.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology (FCSM) research conference"},{"key":"bibr36-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bigelow J. H. (2007).\n                      Using linear programming to\n                      design samples for a complex survey\n                      .\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/technical_reports\/2007\/RAND_TR441\n                      .\n                      pdf","DOI":"10.1037\/e512372010-001"},{"key":"bibr47-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018789154"},{"key":"bibr2-10775595221112921","unstructured":"DataBank Indicators Child Trends (2015). Child maltreatment. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.childtrends.org\/databank-indicators"},{"key":"bibr3-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01655.x"},{"key":"bibr46-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(92)90107-3"},{"key":"bibr4-10775595221112921","volume-title":"Child abuse trends in England and Wales 1983-1987","author":"Creighton S. J.","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr5-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2015-205285"},{"key":"bibr38-10775595221112921","unstructured":"Defense Manpower Data Center. (2000).\n                      1999\n                      Survey of Active Duty Personnel: Tabulations of Responses\n                      , Volumes\n                      1\n                      & 2\n                      . Downloaded on January 5, 2006 from http:\/\/www.dmdc.osd.mil\/surveys\/act_tab\/survey.html"},{"key":"bibr6-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-011-0300-3"},{"key":"bibr7-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00345-9"},{"key":"bibr49-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.283"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr8-10775595221112921","first-page":"746","volume":"169","author":"Finkelhor D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr9-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01426-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr10-10775595221112921","first-page":"31","volume":"73","author":"Gershoff E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Law and Contemporary Problems"},{"key":"bibr11-10775595221112921","unstructured":"Hamby S., Finkelhor D., Turner H., Kracke K. (2011). The Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire toolkit. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unh.edu\/ccrc\/jvq\/index_new.html"},{"key":"bibr12-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000560"},{"key":"bibr41-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000307"},{"key":"bibr13-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424jccp2902_12"},{"key":"bibr14-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jcfs.25.1.121"},{"key":"bibr15-10775595221112921","volume-title":"Physical punishment in the home in New Zealand","author":"Maxwell G.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr16-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21635781.2020.1765910"},{"key":"bibr17-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21679"},{"key":"bibr43-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.01.006"},{"key":"bibr18-10775595221112921","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"1998","edition":"8"},{"key":"bibr19-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838000001001004"},{"key":"bibr20-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626099014008006"},{"key":"bibr45-10775595221112921","first-page":"458","volume":"453","author":"Potter F.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"bibr21-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42448-018-0006-y"},{"key":"bibr22-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(92)90084-5"},{"key":"bibr23-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J146v01n01_09"},{"key":"bibr24-10775595221112921","volume-title":"Fourth national incidence study of child abuse and neglect (NIS-4)","author":"Sedlak A. J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr37-10775595221112921","first-page":"111","volume":"11","author":"Slep A. M. S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reliable assessment and the"},{"key":"bibr26-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511527906.019"},{"key":"bibr27-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2006.03.006"},{"key":"bibr28-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559511403920"},{"key":"bibr29-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400006040"},{"key":"bibr40-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00174-9"},{"key":"bibr30-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1033"},{"key":"bibr31-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21635781.2014.995253"},{"key":"bibr44-10775595221112921","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. (2006).\n                      Current population survey,\n                      2006 annual social and economic supplement\n                      .\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/pubdb3.census.gov\/macro\/032006\/hhinc\/new01_001.htm"},{"key":"bibr32-10775595221112921","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2019). Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, Children\u2019s Bureau.\n                      Child Maltreatment 2018\n                      https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/cb\/cm2018.pdf"},{"key":"bibr42-10775595221112921","volume-title":"User\u2019s Guide","author":"WestatWesVar 4.0.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr33-10775595221112921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0929-8"},{"key":"bibr34-10775595221112921","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. Retrieved from https:\/\/icd.who.int\/dev11\/l-m\/en#\/"},{"key":"bibr35-10775595221112921","volume-title":"Child Abuse and neglect E-book: diagnosis, Treatment and evidence","volume":"10","author":"Zolotor A. J.","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Child Maltreatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10775595221112921","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10775595221112921","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10775595221112921","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10775595221112921","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:50:19Z","timestamp":1777391419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10775595221112921"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10775595221112921"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10775595221112921","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-5595","1552-6119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-5595","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6119","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]}}}