{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T02:46:02Z","timestamp":1782355562952,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]],"date-time":"2023-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD087685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD087685"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD101617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD101617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Maltreat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Eliciting clear descriptions of sexual body parts and abusive touch in child sexual abuse trials is challenging because of children\u2019s immaturity and embarrassment. This study examined references to sexual body part knowledge and sexual touch in attorneys\u2019 questions and 5- to 10-year-old children\u2019s responses ( N = 2,247) in 113 child sexual abuse trials. Regardless of children\u2019s age, attorneys and children primarily used unclear colloquialisms to refer to sexual body parts. Questions asking children to name sexual body parts elicited more uninformative responses than questions about the function of sexual body parts. In turn, questions about the function of sexual body parts were more likely to increase the specificity of body part identifications than questions about the location of sexual body parts. Attorneys predominantly used option-posing (yes-no and forced choice) questions to ask about sexual body part knowledge, the location of touch, the method or manner of touching, skin-to-skin contact, penetration, and how the touching felt. Generally, wh- questions were no more likely than option-posing questions to elicit uninformative responses, and consistently elicited more child-generated information. The results question the legal assumption that children\u2019s uninformative responses when testifying about sexual abuse should be overcome by asking option-posing questions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595231161033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]],"date-time":"2023-03-05T22:32:16Z","timestamp":1678055536000},"page":"438-449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Attorneys\u2019 Questions and Children\u2019s Responses Referring to the Nature of Sexual Touch in Child Sexual Abuse Trials"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4126-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsofia A.","family":"Szojka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gould School of Law, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2587-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nika","family":"Moussavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Burditt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gould School of Law, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8179-759X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Lyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gould School of Law, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.2.304"},{"key":"bibr2-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3204"},{"key":"bibr3-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.11.020"},{"key":"bibr4-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"bibr5-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/law0000076"},{"key":"bibr6-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.001"},{"key":"bibr7-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ap.12068"},{"key":"bibr8-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2015.1062675"},{"key":"bibr9-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/law0000116"},{"key":"bibr10-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2016.05.001"},{"key":"bibr11-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079177"},{"key":"bibr12-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15546120802372008"},{"key":"bibr13-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118881248"},{"key":"bibr15-10775595231161033","volume-title":"Emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means","author":"Lenth R.","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr16-10775595231161033","first-page":"29","volume":"33","author":"Lyon T. D.","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children Advisor"},{"key":"bibr17-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12223"},{"key":"bibr18-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2016.1269863"},{"key":"bibr19-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0720(199712)11:7<S87::AID-ACP556>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"bibr20-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2012.06.007"},{"key":"bibr21-10775595231161033","volume-title":"Cross-examination: Science and techniques (2nd ed.)","author":"Pozner L. S.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr22-10775595231161033","volume-title":"The R project for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr23-10775595231161033","unstructured":"Rhode Island v. Mensah, 227 A.3d 474 (2020)."},{"key":"bibr24-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.59.5.682"},{"key":"bibr25-10775595231161033","volume-title":"Fifty state survey of child exploitation laws","author":"Smith B. V.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr26-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035000"},{"key":"bibr27-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lcrp.12094"},{"key":"bibr28-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3607"},{"key":"bibr29-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.02.014"},{"key":"bibr30-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260521997941"},{"key":"bibr31-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/law0000117"},{"key":"bibr32-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1564"},{"key":"bibr34-10775595231161033","unstructured":"United States v. Espinoza, 585 F.3d. 418 (8th Cir., 2009)."},{"key":"bibr33-10775595231161033","unstructured":"United States v. Grassrope, 342 F.3d. 866 (8th Cir., 2003)."},{"key":"bibr35-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2019.1658581"},{"key":"bibr36-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/0261510041552710"},{"key":"bibr37-10775595231161033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000171"}],"container-title":["Child Maltreatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10775595231161033","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10775595231161033","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10775595231161033","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:53:28Z","timestamp":1777391608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10775595231161033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10775595231161033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10775595231161033","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-5595","1552-6119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-5595","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6119","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]}}}