{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:16:36Z","timestamp":1792019796111,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"The Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Maltreat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This proof-of- concept study focused on interviewers\u2019 behaviors and perceptions when interacting with a dynamic AI child avatar alleging abuse. Professionals (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 68) took part in a virtual reality (VR) study in which they questioned an avatar presented as a child victim of sexual or physical abuse. Of interest was how interviewers questioned the avatar, how productive the child avatar was in response, and how interviewers perceived the VR interaction. Findings suggested alignment between interviewers\u2019 virtual questioning approaches and interviewers\u2019 typical questioning behavior in real-world investigative interviews, with a diverse range of questions used to elicit disclosures from the child avatar. The avatar responded to most question types as children typically do, though more nuanced programming of the avatar\u2019s productivity in response to complex question types is needed. Participants rated the avatar positively and felt comfortable with the VR experience. Results underscored the potential of AI-based interview training as a scalable, standardized alternative to traditional methods.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595241263017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T18:32:40Z","timestamp":1718735560000},"page":"242-252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Using an AI-based avatar for interviewer training at Children\u2019s Advocacy Centers: Proof of Concept"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1322-5316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunn-Astrid","family":"Baugerud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Metropolitan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-2859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam S.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Metropolitan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2060-8836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Dianiska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Irvine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2439-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ragnhild K.","family":"R\u00f8ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Metropolitan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine B.","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Griffith University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Zohaib","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering AS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saaed S.","family":"Sabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering AS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering AS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pegah","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering AS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Riegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering AS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5l","family":"Halvorsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering AS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3789-3733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jodi","family":"Quas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Irvine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515621084"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2149"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14613557211008470"},{"issue":"2140","key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Learning in virtual reality: Effects on performance, emotion and engagement","volume":"26","author":"Allcoat D.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allcoat D., von M\u00fchlenen A. (2018). Learning in virtual reality: Effects on performance, emotion and engagement. Research in Learning Technology, 26(2140), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25304\/rlt.v26.2140","journal-title":"Research in Learning Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2015.1016392"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3647"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baugerud G. A. Johnson M. S. R\u00f8ed R. K. Lamb M. E. Powell M. B. Thambawita V. et al. (2021). Multimodal virtual avatars for investigative interviews with children. In Proceedings of the 2021 workshop on intelligent cross-data analysis and retrieval (pp. 2\u20138). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3463944.3469269","DOI":"10.1145\/3463944.3469269"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcac245"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/law0000052"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume":"33","author":"Brown T.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown T., Mann B., Ryder N., Subbiah M., Kaplan J. D., Dhariwal P., Neelakantan A., Shyam P., Sastry G., Askell A., Agarwal S., Herbert-Voss A., Krueger G., Henighan T., Child R., Ramesh A., Ziegler D. M., Wu J., Winter C., Amodei D. (2020). Language models are few-shot learners. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 33, 1877\u20131901. arXiv:2005.14165.","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02615479.2021.1948002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2012.712292"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(00)00183-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988510"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654320933544"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2021.1960457"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2142"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/law0000116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci4010034"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","volume-title":"Communications in computer and information science","author":"Felemban S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Felemban S., Gardner M., Callaghan V., Pena-Rios A. (2017). Towards observing and assessing collaborative learning activities in immersive environments. In Beck D., Allison C., Morgado L., Khosmood J. P. F., G\u00fctl J. R. C. (Eds.), Communications in computer and information science (Vol. 725). Springer. Immersive Learning Research Network."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A Survey on large language models: Applications, challenges, limitation, and practical usage","author":"Hadi M. U.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hadi M. U., Al- Tashi Q., Qureshi R., Shah A., Muneer A., Irfan M., Anas Zafar A., Shaikh M. B., Akhtar A., Wu J., Mirjalili S. (2023). A Survey on large language models: Applications, challenges, limitation, and practical usage (pp. 1\u201329). TechRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36227\/techrxiv.23589741.v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47368-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan S. Z. Salehi P. Riegler M. A. Johnson M. S. Baugerud G. A. Halvorsen P. Sabet S. S. (2022a). A virtual reality talking avatar for investigative interviews of maltreat children. In Proceedings of the 19th international conference on content-based multimedia indexing (pp. 201\u2013204). Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3549555.3549572","DOI":"10.1145\/3549555.3549572"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Towards an AI-driven talking avatar in virtual reality for investigative interviews of children","author":"Hassan S. Z.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassan S. Z., Salehi P., R\u00f8ed R. K., Halvorsen P., Baugerud G. A., Johnson M. S., Lison P., Riegler M. A., Lamb M. E., Griwodz C., Sabet S. S. (2022b). Towards an AI-driven talking avatar in virtual reality for investigative interviews of children. In 2nd edition of the Game Systems Workshop (GameSys '22) (pp. 9\u201315). ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/353408510.1145\/3534085.3534340"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-022-01598-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0688-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","unstructured":"Jagatheesaperumal S. K. Ahmad K. Al-Fuqaha A. Qadir J. (2022). Advancing education through extended reality and internet of everything enabled metaverses: Applications challenges and open issues. arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.01512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2207.01512"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3147"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.753111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106677"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118881248"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1489"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532480XADS0603_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JCRPP-01-2015-0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-110413-030913"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Increasing true reports without increasing false reports: Best practice interviewing methods and open-ended WH- questions","author":"Lyon T. D.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lyon T. D., Henderson H. (2021). Increasing true reports without increasing false reports: Best practice interviewing methods and open-ended WH- questions (pp. 29\u201339). APSAC Advisor. Downloaded https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3759908"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3605943"},{"issue":"101733","key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The use of virtual reality in environment experiences and the importance of realism","volume":"79","author":"Newman M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Newman M., Gatersleben B., Wyles K. J., Ratcliffe E. (2022). The use of virtual reality in environment experiences and the importance of realism. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 79(101733), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvp.2021.101733","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(00)00137-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2014.915323"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10345329.2008.12035804"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105685"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10683160902971063"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10439463.2014.942850"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15614260902830070"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enhancing questioning skills through child avatar chatbot training with feedback","volume":"14","author":"R\u00f8ed R. K.","year":"2023","unstructured":"R\u00f8ed R. K., Baugerud G. A., Hassan S. Z., Sabet S. S., Salehi P., Powell M. B., Riegler M. A., Halvorsen P., Johnson M. S. (2023). Enhancing questioning skills through child avatar chatbot training with feedback. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(14), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1198235","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559514538114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi P. Hassan S. Z. Baugerud G. A. Powell M. L\u00f3pez Cano M. C. Johnson S. M. R\u00f8ed K. R. Johansen D. Saaed S. S. Riegler M. Halvorsen P. (2024). Immersive virtual reality in child skills interview training: A comparison of 2D and 3D environment. In MMSys '24: ACM Multimedia (Vol. 24). ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3652212.3652219","DOI":"10.1145\/3652212.3652219"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc6020062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","first-page":"310","volume-title":"The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment","author":"Saywitz K. J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saywitz K. J., Lyon T. D., Goodman G. S. (2017). When interviewing children: A review and update. In Klika J. B., Conte J. R. (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (Vol. 310, pp. 310\u2013330). Sage Publications. Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2022.2082422"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","first-page":"251","article-title":"Motivational interviewing workshop in a virtual world: Learning as avatars","volume":"46","author":"Shershneva M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shershneva M., Kim J. H., Kear C., Heyden R., Heyden N., Lee J., Mitchell S. (2014). Motivational interviewing workshop in a virtual world: Learning as avatars. Family Medicine, 46(4), 251\u2013258. PMID: 24788420; PMCID: PMC4418797.","journal-title":"Family Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.628298"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11896-015-9170-9"}],"container-title":["Child Maltreatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10775595241263017","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10775595241263017","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10775595241263017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:52:56Z","timestamp":1777391576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10775595241263017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10775595241263017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10775595241263017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-5595","1552-6119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-5595","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6119","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]}}}