{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:05:11Z","timestamp":1777514711080,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001275","name":"Oak Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Maltreat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Internet has empowered millions of perpetrators who create and consume\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">child sexual abuse material<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CSAM), the current term replacing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">child pornography.<\/jats:italic>\n                    In this study, we coded data from a random sample of 2980 filenames from files shared in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks from U.S. IP addresses in 2021. Most filenames referenced girls and just under half referenced children aged 5 to 12. A wide variety of child races, ethnicities and nationalities were referenced. Over half of filenames described a sexually abusive act, most of which referenced penetration. The abuse referenced was more severe when filenames referenced children under the age of 13, both girls and boys, incest, and\/or children or youth of color. The findings underline the harm to children from CSAM, suggest the value of a racial justice perspective on CSAM, and support the need to search for CSAM as part of contact child sexual abuse investigations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595251314035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T03:15:32Z","timestamp":1737429332000},"page":"473-485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characteristics of Child Sexual Abuse Material in Peer-to-Peer Networks and Predictors of its Severity: Insights From Filenames"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4097-1541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore P.","family":"Cross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"},{"name":"Cross Associates Research and Evaluation Services, LLC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cross Associates Research and Evaluation Services, LLC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augusta Associates, LLC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Pellegrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAINN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glen","family":"Pounder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Rescue Coalition"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Turkheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAINN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Rescue Coalition"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684318791543"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e725812011-001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595221074375"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2014.886729"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","volume-title":"Federal sentencing of child pornography: Non-production offenses","author":"Breyer C. R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Breyer C. R., Cushwa P. K., Wroblewski J. (2021a). Federal sentencing of child pornography: Non-production offenses. United States Sentencing Commission. https:\/\/www.ussc.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/research-and-publications\/research-publications\/2021\/20210629_Non-Production-CP.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","volume-title":"Federal sentencing of child pornography: Production offenses","author":"Breyer C. R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Breyer C. R., Cushwa P. K., Wroblewski J. (2021b). Federal sentencing of child pornography: Production offenses. United States Sentencing Commission. https:\/\/www.ussc.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/research-and-publications\/research-publications\/2021\/20211013_Production-CP.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","unstructured":"Canadian Center for Child Protection. (2016). Child sexual abuse images on the Internet: A Cybertip.ca analysis. https:\/\/protectchildren.ca\/en\/resources-research\/csam-legal-decisions-study\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","volume-title":"Internet traders of child pornography and other censorship offenders in New Zealand","author":"Carr A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carr A. (2004). Internet traders of child pornography and other censorship offenders in New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs. https:\/\/www.dia.govt.nz\/diawebsite.nsf\/wpg_URL\/Resource-material-Our-Research-and-Reports-Internet-Traders-of-Child-Pornography-and-other-Censorship-Offenders-in-New-Zealand?OpenDocument"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","unstructured":"Child Rescue Coalition. (2024a). FAQs. https:\/\/childrescuecoalition.org\/faqs\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","unstructured":"Child Rescue Coalition. (2024b). Law enforcement. https:\/\/childrescuecoalition.org\/law-enforcement\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","unstructured":"Child Rescue Coalition. (2024c). Our work. https:\/\/childrescuecoalition.org\/our-work\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.): Routledge.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559508318400"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(94)90016-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/laws9040028"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The \u2018alien other\u2019: A culture of dehumanizing immigrants in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Epps D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Epps D., Furman R. (2016). The \u2018alien other\u2019: A culture of dehumanizing immigrants in the United States. Social Work and Society, 14(2), 1\u201314. https:\/\/nbn-resolving.de\/urn:nbn:de:hbz:464-sws-1088","journal-title":"Social Work and Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","volume-title":"Girlhood interrupted: The erasure of Black girls\u2019 childhood","author":"Epstein R.","unstructured":"Epstein R., Blake J. J., Gonzalez T. (n.d.). Girlhood interrupted: The erasure of Black girls\u2019 childhood. Georgetown Law Center on Poverty and Inequality. https:\/\/genderjusticeandopportunity.georgetown.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/girlhood-interrupted.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(98)00063-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1166127"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260503262079"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","unstructured":"Interagency Working Group. (2016). Terminology guidelines for the protection of children from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/TerminologyGuidelines_en.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","unstructured":"Internet Watch Foundation. (2023). #Behind the screens. Annual report 2022. https:\/\/www.iwf.org.uk\/about-us\/who-we-are\/annual-report-2022\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","unstructured":"Internet Watch Foundation & Policing Institute for the Eastern Region. (2023). It\u2019s normal these days. Self-generated child sexual abuse fieldwork findings report. https:\/\/admin.iwf.org.uk\/media\/i40cdajw\/final-self-generated-child-sexual-abuse-fieldwork-findings-report-by-pier_may_2024.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","volume-title":"Towards a global indicator on unidentified victims in child sexual exploitation material","author":"Interpol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Interpol. (2018). Towards a global indicator on unidentified victims in child sexual exploitation material. Technical report. https:\/\/www.interpol.int\/en\/content\/download\/9365\/file\/Technicalreport-TowardsaGlobalIndicatoronUnidentifiedVictimsinChildSexualExploitationMaterial.February2018.pdf"},{"issue":"101","key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Mujeres migrantes v\u00edctimas de esclavitud sexual, prostituci\u00f3n involuntaria y prostituci\u00f3n no forzada. Papeles de poblaci\u00f3n [Migrant women victims of sexual slavery, involuntary prostitution and non-forced prostitution]","volume":"25","author":"Izcara Palacios S. P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Izcara Palacios S. P., Moral de la Rubia J., Andrade Rubio K. L. (2019). Mujeres migrantes v\u00edctimas de esclavitud sexual, prostituci\u00f3n involuntaria y prostituci\u00f3n no forzada. Papeles de poblaci\u00f3n [Migrant women victims of sexual slavery, involuntary prostitution and non-forced prostitution]. Papeles de Poblaci\u00f3n, 25(101), 145\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22185\/24487147.2019.101.26","journal-title":"Papeles de Poblaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063217724768"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2018.351"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41276-022-00405-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","article-title":"Sex trafficked women, drug dealers, and men who buy sex: A look at \u201crace\u201d","author":"Meshelemiah J. C.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meshelemiah J. C., Thanises A. C., Yeboah P. O. (2023). Sex trafficked women, drug dealers, and men who buy sex: A look at \u201crace\u201d. Violence Against Women. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012231216711","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","volume-title":"Pushout: The criminalization of Black girls","author":"Morris M. W.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morris M. W. (2016). Pushout: The criminalization of Black girls: The Free Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","unstructured":"National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. (2024a). Cyber tipline 2023 report. https:\/\/www.missingkids.org\/content\/dam\/missingkids\/pdfs\/2023-CyberTipline-Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","volume-title":"National center for missing & exploited children (NCMEC) transparency","author":"National Center for Missing & Exploited Children","year":"2024","unstructured":"National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. (2024b). National center for missing & exploited children (NCMEC) transparency. CY 2023 report to the Committees on Appropriations. https:\/\/www.missingkids.org\/content\/dam\/missingkids\/pdfs\/OJJDP-NCMEC-Transparency-CY-2023-Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","unstructured":"Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (n.d.). Internet crimes against children Task force program. https:\/\/ojjdp.ojp.gov\/programs\/internet-crimes-against-children-task-force-program"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210392596"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2507"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","volume-title":"Production and active trading of child sexual exploitation images depicting identified victims","author":"Seto M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seto M., Buckman C., Dwyer R. G., Quayle E. (2018). Production and active trading of child sexual exploitation images depicting identified victims. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. https:\/\/www.missingkids.org\/content\/dam\/missingkids\/pdfs\/ncmec-analysis\/ProductionandActiveTradingofCSAM_FullReport_FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14191-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210369013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.12.011"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Solving human trafficking between Mexico and the United States","volume":"9","author":"Still A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Still A. (2017). Solving human trafficking between Mexico and the United States. Pepperdine Policy Review, 9(4), 4. https:\/\/digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu\/ppr\/vol9\/iss1\/4\/.","journal-title":"Pepperdine Policy Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2013.743952"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Sexual behaviours in indecent images of children: A content analysis","volume":"14","author":"Tejeiro R.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tejeiro R., Alison L., Hendricks E., Giles S., Long M., Shipley D. (2020). Sexual behaviours in indecent images of children: A content analysis. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 14(1), 121\u2013138.","journal-title":"International Journal of Cyber Criminology"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2017.1318963"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128708320484"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","volume-title":"Child victims as witnesses: Research and development program","author":"Whitcomb S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Whitcomb S., Runyan D. K., DeVos E., Hunter W. M., Cross T. P., Everson M. D., Cropper C. (1994). Child victims as witnesses: Research and development program: Research report to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. https:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/pdffiles1\/Digitization\/149172NCJRS.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Skin flicks on the racial border: Pornography, exploitation and interracial lust","volume":"10","author":"Williams L.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Williams L. (2004). Skin flicks on the racial border: Pornography, exploitation and interracial lust. FGS\u2013Freiburger GeschlechterStudien, 10(2), 9\u201310.","journal-title":"FGS\u2013Freiburger GeschlechterStudien"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210372143"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780804791694"}],"container-title":["Child Maltreatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10775595251314035","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10775595251314035","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10775595251314035","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:53:04Z","timestamp":1777391584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10775595251314035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10775595251314035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10775595251314035","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-5595","1552-6119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-5595","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6119","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]}}}