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Yet familial relationships are not unidirectional. We aimed to examine the interplay between maternal and child empathy over two time points, two years apart, and how these are moderated by abuse risk. Participants were\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 250 mothers of children aged 4\u201310 years (48.4% girls). Bivariate change score models were computed to examine the relationship between changes in maternal and child\u2019s empathy. Maternal empathic concern predicted an increase in her child\u2019s cognitive empathy two years later. Interestingly, the child\u2019s cognitive empathy predicted a decrease in maternal personal-distress two years later, but only for high abuse-risk mothers. Additionally, maternal empathic concern predicted an increase in child\u2019s cognitive empathy for high abuse-risk mothers. The current study highlights the dynamic relationship between maternal empathy, maltreatment risk, and child\u2019s empathy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595251337074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T04:04:41Z","timestamp":1745381081000},"page":"409-421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The role of maltreatment risk in the interplay between maternal and child\u2019s empathy over time"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6428-8768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adi","family":"Meidan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben Gurion University in the Negev"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2034-4527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ido","family":"Shalev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben Gurion University in the Negev"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-2514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florina","family":"Uzefovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben Gurion University in the Negev"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","first-page":"1379","article-title":"Maternal sensitivity scales","volume":"6","author":"Ainsworth M. 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