{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T16:40:31Z","timestamp":1793205631230,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1921250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1921250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD101617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD101617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Maltreat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Research examining commercially sexually exploited adolescents\u2019 (CSEA) reluctance has found lower rates of reluctance in court than in police interviews. One possible explanation is that the constrained courtroom questioning environment leads witnesses to express reluctance in novel ways. This study analyzed the responses (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 4163) of six female CSE witnesses aged 15\u201317 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M<\/jats:italic>\n                    age = 16.50) who were associated with the same trafficker, interviewed by the same police officers (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1660 utterances), and questioned by the same attorneys in court (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2463 utterances). We utilized a coding scheme identifying novel forms of reluctance in CSEA (Henderson et al., 2021), and supplemented the scheme with additional types of reluctance, derived from literature examining the questioning of politicians and suspects in interrogations. Supplementing the scheme increased the rate of reluctance in court from 3% to 13% (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 4.83), with higher reluctance exhibited in response to the defense (16%) than to the prosecution (10%). The rate of reluctance in the police interviews also increased from 13% to 18% (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1.47). Reluctance was often expressed differently in court than in police interviews, with greater use of altering the narrative (including questioning implicit assumptions of the questioner) and inappropriate diction (including resisting formality).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595251338564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T04:55:21Z","timestamp":1747112121000},"page":"287-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Subtle Forms of Reluctance in Commercially Sexually Exploited Adolescents\u2019 Responses when Questioned by the Police and at Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0737-7383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scarlet J.","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayden M.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka M.","family":"Nogalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah J.","family":"Siepmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8179-759X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Lyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2183"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2286"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/law0000183"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203417843"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003326533"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90018-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022167815604442"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(84)80016-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2014.888428"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"Core Team, R.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Core Team, R. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/25.4.513"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2864"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","first-page":"470","volume-title":"Talk at work: Interaction in institutional settings","author":"Drew P.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Drew P. (1992). Contested evidence in courtroom cross-examination: The case of a trial for rape. In Drew P., Heritage J. (Eds.), Talk at work: Interaction in institutional settings (pp. 470\u2013520). Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2141"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","first-page":"156","volume-title":"The experiences of child complainants of sexual abuse in the criminal justice system","author":"Eastwood C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eastwood C., Patton W. (2002). The experiences of child complainants of sexual abuse in the criminal justice system (p. 156). Criminology Research Council."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12456"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2010.00621.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1227250"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211006369"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X03258088"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3840"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957926506068430"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henderson H. M. Cho S. J. Nogalska A. M. Lyon T. D. (2021). Identifying novel forms of reluctance in commercially sexually exploited adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect 115 Article 104994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.104994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.104994"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","author":"Jay T.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jay T., Janschewitz K. (2008). The pragmatics of swearing.","journal-title":"The pragmatics of swearing"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-2166(90)90080-W"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","unstructured":"Lenth R. (2020). Emmeans: Estimated marginal means aka least-squares means. R package version 1.5.0. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=emmeans"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2014.880839"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","volume-title":"Reproducing rape: Domination through talk in the courtroom","author":"Matoesian G. M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Matoesian G. M. (1993). Reproducing rape: Domination through talk in the courtroom. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195123296.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","volume-title":"Evidence","author":"Mueller C. B.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mueller C. B., Kirkpatrick L. C., Richter L. L. (2018). Evidence (6th ed.). Aspen.","edition":"6"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1037\/law0000315","article-title":"Police interviewing behaviors and commercially sexually exploited adolescents\u2019 reluctance","volume":"27","author":"Nogalska A. M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nogalska A. M., Henderson H. M., Cho S. J., Lyon T. D. (2021). Police interviewing behaviors and commercially sexually exploited adolescents\u2019 reluctance. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law: An Official Law Review of the University of Arizona College of Law and the University of Miami School of Law, 27(3), 328\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/law0000315","journal-title":"Psychology, Public Policy, and Law: An Official Law Review of the University of Arizona College of Law and the University of Miami School of Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595221104828"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Child sexual abuse","author":"Orbach Y.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Orbach Y., Shiloach H., Lamb M. E. (2007). Reluctant disclosers of child sexual abuse. In Pipe M. E., Lamb M. E., Orbach Y., Cederborg A. C. (Eds.), Child sexual abuse (pp. 125\u2013144). Psychology pres."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","unstructured":"PeopleEvins v. 2018 WL 6252449 (Cal. Ct. App. 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2024.0415"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10979-005-5523-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063214544334"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2019.1575315"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2186"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01501658"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","volume-title":"Youth involvement in the sex trade","author":"Swaner R.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Swaner R., Labriola M., Rempel M., Walker A., Spadafore J. (2016). Youth involvement in the sex trade. Center for Court Innovation. https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/pdffiles1\/ojjdp\/grants\/249952.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595231220228"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wylie B. E. St George S. McWilliams K. Evans A. D. Stolzenberg S. N. (2022). Children\u2019s acquiescence to polysemous implicature questions implying coaching: The role of parental support. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 78 Article 101370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appdev.2021.101370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2021.101370"}],"container-title":["Child Maltreatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10775595251338564","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10775595251338564","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10775595251338564","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:53:09Z","timestamp":1777391589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10775595251338564"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10775595251338564"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10775595251338564","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-5595","1552-6119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-5595","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6119","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]}}}