{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:05:50Z","timestamp":1777514750144,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["F31HD089687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31HD089687"]}]},{"name":"American Psychological Association (APA) Dissertation Research Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Maltreat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>While prior research indicates that parents who were maltreated as children are more likely to engage in negative parenting behaviors, less is known about how mothers\u2019 social relationships may influence these practices. Yet parenting behaviors are influenced not only by the individual characteristics of the parent and child, but also by the social context that exists around the parent-child dyad. The aim of the current cross-sectional study was to test a model examining the effect of mothers\u2019 exposure to child maltreatment on harsh parenting practices, as observed in the lab, and the mediating role of strain in mothers\u2019 relationships. Seventy-eight mother\u2013child dyads, with children ranging from 18- to 36-months old, were recruited from the community; mothers completed self-report measures of childhood trauma and relational strains, and were observed during a stressful parent-child interaction in the lab. Results indicated that higher child maltreatment was associated with harsher parenting, indirectly via greater chronic relational strains. These findings contribute important knowledge on how mothers\u2019 trauma history may influence their current social context to affect parenting behavior. Therapeutic approaches focused on alleviating maternal relational strains, including interventions that target other important people in a mother\u2019s circle, may yield more parenting benefits than parent training without a systemic approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595251339600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T07:55:51Z","timestamp":1746518151000},"page":"262-273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Child Maltreatment and Harsh Parenting: The Role of Maternal Chronic Relational Strains"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1519-486X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastassia","family":"Sorokina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molly R.","family":"Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles","author":"Achenbach T. M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Achenbach T. M., Rescorla L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.46.4.333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105823"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnt118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-005-5054-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.5.2.137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01447663"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-014-9668-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.07.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.35.4.320"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129836"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","volume-title":"The encyclopedia on early childhood development","author":"Belsky J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Belsky J. (2007). Social-contextual determinants of parenting. In Tremblay R. E., Boivin M., Peters R. (Eds.), The encyclopedia on early childhood development."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431608316602"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","volume-title":"Assessment of family violence: A handbook for researchers and practitioners","author":"Bernstein D. P.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bernstein D. P., Fink L., Handelsman L., Foote J. (1998). Childhood trauma questionnaire. In Assessment of family violence: A handbook for researchers and practitioners. American Psychological Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","volume-title":"Attachment and loss","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bowlby J. (1991). Attachment and loss. Penguin Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00009-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.22.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2008.00484.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2006.00132.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming","author":"Byrne B. M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Byrne B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Taylor and Francis Group Publication."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12275"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2024.2409146"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Child maltreatment: An attachment theory perspective","volume":"6","author":"Capaldo M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Capaldo M., Perrella R. (2018). Child maltreatment: An attachment theory perspective. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 6(1), 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/2282-1619\/2018.6.1822","journal-title":"Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00473"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v4i0.20706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(00)00230-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2008.00560.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721414561510"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-012-0112-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","first-page":"107755952211034","article-title":"The association between child maltreatment and loneliness across the lifespan: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"De Heer C.","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Heer C., Bi S., Finkenauer C., Alink L., Maes M. (2022). The association between child maltreatment and loneliness across the lifespan: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. Child Maltreatment, 29(2), 107755952211034\u2013107755952211404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10775595221103420","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J146v15n01_02"},{"issue":"0","key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","article-title":"Interparental positivity spillover theory: How parents\u2019 positive relational interactions influence children","volume":"0","author":"Don B. P.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Don B. P., Simpson J. A., Fredrickson B. L., Algoe S. B. (2024). Interparental positivity spillover theory: How parents\u2019 positive relational interactions influence children. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 0(0). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/174569162312206","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00381-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","first-page":"104","volume-title":"Relationships within families: Mutual influences","author":"Engfer A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Engfer A. (1988). The interrelatedness of marriage and the mother\u2013 child relationship. In Hinde R. A., Stevenson-Hinde J. (Eds.), Relationships within families: Mutual influences (pp. 104\u2013118). Clarendon."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.643"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.20.2.217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(90)90033-P"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6427.12303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000865"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15295192.2018.1524242"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-007-9127-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2006.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis","author":"Hair Jr J. F.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hair Jr J. F., Black J. W., Babin B. J., Anderson E. R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed., pp. 1\u2013758). Pearson Education Limited.","edition":"7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.96.3.190"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"Hayes A. F.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hayes A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Daily interpersonal conflicts and daily negative and positive affect: Exploring the moderating role of neuroticism","volume":"37","author":"Hetland J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hetland J., Bakker A. B., Nielsen M. B., Espevik R., Olsen O. K. (2023). Daily interpersonal conflicts and daily negative and positive affect: Exploring the moderating role of neuroticism. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 37(5), 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10615806.2023.2293165","journal-title":"Anxiety, Stress & Coping"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559515597063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","unstructured":"Kenny D. A. (2017). MedPower: An interactive tool for the estimation of power in tests of mediation [Computer software]. Available from. https:\/\/davidakenny.shinyapps.io\/MedPower\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-019-0101-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000549"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3403_11","article-title":"Mothers' emotion dynamics and their relations with harsh and lax discipline: Microsocial time series analyses","volume":"34","author":"Lorber M. F.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lorber M. F., Slep A. M. S. (2005). Mothers' emotion dynamics and their relations with harsh and lax discipline: Microsocial time series analyses. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology: The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 34(3), 559\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15374424jccp3403_11","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology: The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730600774458"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2712"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.24.5.653"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-021-01258-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-014-0490-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.88.1.79"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.215"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2016.1231148"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926770903475968"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579418001542"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2018.1524806"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-016-0685-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01534-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2795"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.12.2.234"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730500365928"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmft.12566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2353"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence, societal causes, and trends in corporal punishment by parents in world perspective","volume":"73","author":"Straus M. A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Straus M. A. (2010). Prevalence, societal causes, and trends in corporal punishment by parents in world perspective. Law and Contemporary Problems, 73(2), 1\u201330. https:\/\/scholarship.law.duke.edu\/lcp\/vol73\/iss2\/2","journal-title":"Law and Contemporary Problems"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_1","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick B. G.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tabachnick B. G., Fidell L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Allyn & Bacon\/Pearson Education.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lat0000038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9697-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_1","volume-title":"America's families and living arrangements: 2023","author":"U.S. Census Bureau","year":"2023","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. (2023). America's families and living arrangements: 2023. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved June 17, 2024, from. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/2023\/demo\/families\/cps-2023.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0355(199621)17:1<58::AID-IMHJ5>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_1","unstructured":"Weathers F. W. Blake D. D. Schnurr P. P. Kaloupek D. G. Marx B. P. Keane T. M. (2013). The life Events checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). Instrument available from the National Center for PTSD at. https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_1","volume-title":"Preventing child maltreatment: A guide to taking action and generating evidence","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2006). Preventing child maltreatment: A guide to taking action and generating evidence. World Health Organization. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/43499"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_1","volume-title":"Child maltreatment","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2022). Child maltreatment. World Health Organization. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2018.1492834"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.01.012"}],"container-title":["Child Maltreatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10775595251339600","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10775595251339600","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10775595251339600","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:53:09Z","timestamp":1777391589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10775595251339600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10775595251339600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10775595251339600","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-5595","1552-6119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-5595","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6119","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]}}}